{"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/25/manifest.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","label":"Late Antiquity, Seminar 3","sequences":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/25/sequence.json","@type":"sc:Sequence","label":"","canvases":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/364/canvas.json","label":"Achilles sacrificing to Zeus from the Ambrosian Iliad ","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1952,"height":1228,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/102/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/1985b28e8cdaab4b89050a6f359b0100.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1952,"height":1228,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/1985b28e8cdaab4b89050a6f359b0100.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/364/canvas.json"}],"description":"The Ambrosian Iliad, also called the Ilias Picta, is the oldest (and only ancient) surviving illustrated manuscript of Homer’s Iliad. Along with the Vatican Vergil (see Module 1) and the Vergilius Romanus, it is one of three extant examples of illustrated ancient secular texts. There are a total of 52 illustrations and the text is written in Greek. It was most likely made in Alexandria in Egypt and is the work of several artists. The illustrations were cut out of the original codex in the 11th century and inserted into a different manuscript of Homeric texts. Cardinal Frederico Borromeo purchased the manuscript in 1608 and it has remained in the collection of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan since then. Subsequent interventions in the early 19th century damaged the miniatures in an attempt to make the text more legible. This illustration depicts Achilles, dressed as a priest, making a sacrifice to Zeus to secure Patroclus’s safe return (Book XVI, lines 220-252). ","attribution":"Biblioteca Ambrosiana","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Achilles sacrificing to Zeus from the Ambrosian Iliad (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Cod. F. 205 Inf.) fol. 42v, late 5th – early 6th century, Roman, Alexandria, ink on parchment, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=8&cat_2=15&cat_3=629&cat_4=973&cat_5=3277&cat_6=8125&cat_7=2709 "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/364/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/365/canvas.json","label":"The Sacrifice of Isaac from the Dura-Europos Synagogue","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":432,"height":672,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/103/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6661503907bfcbe785f2cbe911711aa8.png","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/png","width":432,"height":672,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6661503907bfcbe785f2cbe911711aa8.png","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/365/canvas.json"}],"description":"The town of Dura-Europos in Syria existed on the frontier between the Roman Empire and the Parthian and the Sassanian Empires of Persia. It was under Roman control from 165 CE until its final destruction by the Sassanians in 257 CE. During this short period, the synagogue was built and decorated with numerous wall paintings showing animals, vegetal motifs, as well as figures, which was a shock to archeologists. An inscription in Aramaic dated 244 CE marks the completion of the final stage of construction. This detail shows the Sacrifice of Isaac (also called the “Binding of Isaac” in Hebrew: עֲקֵידַת יִצְחַק, Aqedat Yitzhaq), which occurs in Genesis chapter 22. In the story, Abraham is commanded by God to sacrifice his only son, Isaac, on Mount Moriah. Although Abraham binds Isaac and begins to go through with the sacrifice, he is interrupted by an angel and sees a ram, which he sacrifices in Isaac’s place. This scene eventually becomes a fixture in Christian art. The archeological site of the synagogue at Dura-Europos was discovered in 1932. The wall paintings were subsequently moved to the National Museum of Damascus. Although the museum closed in 2012 with the rise of the Syrian Civil War, some 300,000 items were secured and hidden. Four of the museum’s five wings reopened in 2018. Dura-Europos itself was occupied by ISIL and it appears that the remains of the synagogue as well as the other excavated buildings have been destroyed. ","attribution":"The National Museum of Damascus","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"The Sacrifice of Isaac from the Dura-Europos Synagogue, 3rd century, Roman, Dura-Europos, Syria, tempera over plaster, Damascus, The National Museum of Damascus. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/dura-synagogue "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/365/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/366/canvas.json","label":"Articulated Ivory Doll","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":818,"height":2000,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/104/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/75f42a36639ba105f32eb5e7f2455dcc.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":818,"height":2000,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/75f42a36639ba105f32eb5e7f2455dcc.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/366/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “An ivory doll with articulated arms and legs. Found in the sarcophagus of a young girl in the Early Christian Necropolis of Tarragona.\r\n\r\nIt would have been part of the grave goods of the girl, who died at the age of five or six. We know of other examples of Roman articulated dolls made with different materials such as bone, ivory and, most commonly, pottery (most of them found fragmented). The remains of gold thread found next to the piece confirm that, like today, these dolls were dressed in clothes that imitated those of children and adults. This is one of the most emblematic items of Tarragona archaeology.”","attribution":"National Archeological Museum of Tarragona MNAT P-12906","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Articulated Ivory Doll, 3rd – 4th century, Late Roman, Tarragona, Spain, ivory, 23 x 6.5 x 1.5cm, Tarragona, Spain, National Archeological Museum of Tarragona."},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.mnat.cat/en/artwork/24/articulated-ivory-doll/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/366/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/367/canvas.json","label":"Tombstone of Optimus","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1073,"height":2000,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/105/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/fb9a73f9123210b2ef2f50a60ab5c278.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1073,"height":2000,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/fb9a73f9123210b2ef2f50a60ab5c278.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/367/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “A funerary mosaic and inscription found in the Early Christian Necropolis of Tarragona. \r\nIt presided over the tomb of the person depicted and referred to in the inscription. Optimus, whose name emphasizes excellence and perfection, would –according to the most widely accepted interpretation of the inscription– have been one of the first Christians in Tarragona, the head of this community and its bishop. The mosaic shows him dressed in a contabulata toga, giving a blessing and holding a volum in his left hand.”","attribution":"National Archeological Museum of Tarragona MNAT P-2651\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Tombstone of Optimus, 4th-5th century, Late Roman, Tarragona, Spain, limestone, marble, and glass paste Opus tessellatum, 162 x 83cm, Tarragona, Spain, National Archeological Museum of Tarragona. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.mnat.cat/en/artwork/23/the-tombstone-of-optimus/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/367/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/368/canvas.json","label":"Gold Medallion of Constantius I Chlorus","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":0,"height":0,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/106/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f13eebf1536c1a515480cfa730158172.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":0,"height":0,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f13eebf1536c1a515480cfa730158172.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/368/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “Britain rejoins the Roman Empire!\r\n\r\nIn AD 296 Britain was again annexed to the Roman Empire after the ten-year rule of the usurpers Carausius and Allectus. They had governed Britain as self-styled emperors, but were not recognized as legitimate by the emperor Diocletian and his allies on the Continent.\r\n\r\nThe leader of the expedition to Britain was Constantius I Chlorus, who was deputy emperor, or Caesar, in the western half of the empire (AD 293-306). This presentation medallion was struck to commemorate the reconquest. On the obverse (front) we see Constantius wearing the conqueror's laurel wreath. On the reverse it shows him raising the personification of Britain from her knees, as her saviour from the supposedly unjust domination of the rebel emperors. A winged figure of the goddess Victory crowns him from behind. Constantius died in York while on campaign in Scotland in AD 306, where his son, Constantine I, 'the Great' (reigned AD 306-37), was proclaimed emperor.”\r\n\r\nObverse: Laureate bust representing Constantius I in consular robes, right, holding scipio (eagle-tipped scepter) in right hand.\r\n\r\nFL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES\r\nFL[AVIVS] VAL[ERIVS] CONSTANTIVS NOB[ILISSIMUS] CAES[AR]\r\n\r\n[Marcus] Flavius Valerius Constantius, Most Noble Caesar\r\n\r\nReverse: Constantius standing right, raising Britannia, left, from her knees; Victory standing right, behind emperor, crowning him with a wreath.\r\n\r\nPIETAS AVGG PTR\r\n\r\nPIETAS AVG[USTORUM] (GG denotes the plural) PTR (Trier mintmark) \r\n\r\nPiety [duty, responsibility] of the [two] Emperors ","attribution":"The British Museum 1928,0208.1","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Gold Medallion of Constantius I Chlorus, 297 CE, Roman, Trier, Germany, diam: 34 mm, weight: 26.79g, gold, London, The British Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00030509001"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/368/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/369/canvas.json","label":"Votive Crown of Recceswinth","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":800,"height":1668,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/107/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4c1e674ba9a5055d95245a4063f65fb2.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":1668,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4c1e674ba9a5055d95245a4063f65fb2.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/369/canvas.json"}],"description":"This incredible votive crown is one of twenty-six votive crowns and gold crosses that comprise the Treasure of Guarrazar, an archeological discovery made in Guadamur, Spain between 1858-61. These objects were offered by the 7th century kings of the Visigoths to the Roman Catholic church. The treasure has since been divided, with portions going to the Musée de Cluny in Paris, the National Archeological Museum of Spain in Madrid, and the National Museum of the Middle Ages in Paris. Several objects have, however, been stolen or otherwise gone missing. Scholarly hypothesis suggests that the treasure was hidden in order to safeguard such precious items during the Islamic conquest. This particular crown was commissioned by King Recceswinth (r. 649-72). It is noteworthy for the hanging filigree letters, which read (in Latin): RECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET, or “King Recceswinth offered [this]”).","attribution":"National Archeological Museum of Spain","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Votive Crown of Recceswinth, 7th century, Visigothic, gold, sapphires, pearls, rock crystal, and garnets, Madrid, National Archeological Museum of Spain. "},{"label":"Source","value":"http://www.man.es/man/coleccion/catalogo-cronologico/edad-media/guarrazar.html\r\n(in Spanish)"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/369/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/370/canvas.json","label":"Defeat of Radagasio below Fiesole","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1920,"height":1428,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/108/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e4972bc79157688da1991b5d98150708.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1920,"height":1428,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e4972bc79157688da1991b5d98150708.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/370/canvas.json"}],"description":"The Gothic king Radagaisus led an invasion of Roman Italy in 405 with his ultimate plan being to sacrifice the (Christian) Roman senators to the gods and then burn the city of Rome to the ground. He was defeated by the general Stilicho and executed. Some of Radagaisus’s army was drafted into the Roman army, others disbanded, and many were enslaved. Less than five years later, Alaric I would lead a successful conquest of Rome and his forces included some of these same men. This 16th century painting depicts the defeat of Radagasius as pained by Giorgio Vasari (an artist best remembered for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects an important, if not highly subjective treatise on Italian Renaissance and mannerist artists. This work is considered by many to be the foundation of the field of art history.) It is one of the paintings done by Vasari in the Salone dei Cinquencento (Hall of the Five Hundred) at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. At the behest of Grand Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici, the hall was enlarged and decorated between 1555-72. Many of the frescoes and paintings celebrate various military victories by Florenties as well as the life of Cosimo I. Vasari provides detailed explanations of his artistic work and the reasoning behind the choices in his Ragionamenti (“Reasoning”), published posthumously in 1588. ","attribution":"Palazzo Vecchio Museum","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Giorgio Vasari, Defeat of Radagasio below Fiesole, 1563-5, Italian, oil painting on wood, 25 x 54cm, Florence, Palazzo Vecchio Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"FROM VASARI: “Questa è la rotta di Radagasio re dei Goti, successore d’Alarico, il quale venne in Italia con un esercito innumerabile di Goti, e danneggiò molto la provincia di Toscana e di Lombardia, ed in ultimo si pose all’assedio della città di Firenze. Ma, sentendo egli venire in aiuto della città l’imperadore con l’esercito de’ Romani, si ritrasse ne’ monti di Fiesole, e nelle valli convicine, ed essendo ridotti in luogo arido, e trovandosi sproveduti di vettovaglia, furono quivi assediati da Onorio e dall’esercito de’ Romani; onde i Goti (sendone prima stati tagliati molti a pezzi) si arresono. E questa fazione seguì il giorno di Santa Reparata intorno agli anni di Cristo 415, e, per più vaghezza della pittura, ci ho finto Mugnone, che ha Fiesole sopra, che si maravigliano di questo conflitto” (G. Vasari, Ragionamenti, Firenze 1588).”"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/370/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/371/canvas.json","label":"Silver Siliqua of Eugenius","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":509,"height":250,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/109/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f0a6f000227f38aa4bd124cf1220bd57.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":509,"height":250,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f0a6f000227f38aa4bd124cf1220bd57.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/371/canvas.json"}],"description":"D N EVGENIVS P F AVG\r\n\r\nD[OMINUS] N[OSTER] EVGENIVS P[IUS] F[ELIX] AVGVSTVS\r\n\r\nOur Lord, Eugenius, Dutiful and Blessed Augustus \r\n\r\nReverse: seated figure of Roma holding spear in left hand and a globe in her right, on the globe, Victory offers a wreath. \r\n\r\nVIRTVS ROMANORVM \r\n\r\nCourage of the Romans\r\n\r\nTRPS (Trier Mintmark)","attribution":"Private Collection. ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Silver Siliqua of Eugenius, 392-4, Roman, Trier, Germany, silver, diam: 16.2mm, weight: 1.707g, Private Collection. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?param=32742q00.jpg&vpar=487&zpg=38156&fld=https://www.forumancientcoins.com/Coins2/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/371/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/372/canvas.json","label":"Stilicho Diptych","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1279,"height":1316,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/110/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/52d508947abc0ffacf93a9f04ffe6fbe.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1279,"height":1316,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/52d508947abc0ffacf93a9f04ffe6fbe.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/372/canvas.json"}],"description":"This ivory diptych, called the Stilicho Diptych, is most often associated with the Roman commander, Flavius Stilicho, who, according to Edward Gibbon, was “the last of the Roman generals.” Related by marriage to the emperor Theodosius I, Stilicho was, notably, half Vandal by birth. He participated in numerous campaigns and is well known for his defeat of Radagaisus in 406. Despite his prolific military career, numerous victories, and his personal ties to members of the imperial family, his reputation was destroyed as the provinces of Gaul were lost to incursions of Vandals (Roman troops having been recalled from these fronts at Stilicho’s behest to protect Italy from Radagaisus) and the subsequent military revolts in both Gaul and Britannia. This unrest led to further turmoil and revolt. Stilicho was executed on August 22, 408. Many historians directly link the success of Alaric’s sack of Rome in 410 to the removal of Stilicho. The ivory diptych depicts, one the left leaf, Stilicho’s wife Serena and their son Eucherius (who was executed soon after his father.) On the right leaf, Stilicho stands holding a spear and a shield. Some scholars argue, however, that the diptych instead shows Flavius Aetius, another Roman general, another recipient of a dramatic epithet courtesy of Edward Gibbon, “the Last of the Romans.” Aetius was murdered by Valentinian III in 454. If the diptych does depict Aetius and his family, the figures would be re-identified as his wife Pelagia and their son Gaudentius. ","attribution":"Monza Cathedral","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Stilicho Diptych, c. 395, Roman, ivory, Monza, Italy, Monza Cathedral. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400072299"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/372/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/373/canvas.json","label":"Mithras Slaying the Bull (Tauroctony) from the London Mithraeum","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1920,"height":1391,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/111/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/75e33a689664618b62b740c972307574.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1920,"height":1391,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/75e33a689664618b62b740c972307574.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/373/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “This marble sculpture is from the Temple of Mithras which once stood in the City. It shows Mithras plunging his dagger into the neck of a bull from whose blood sprang everlasting life. The inscription reads 'Ulpius Silvanus, initiated into a Mithraic grade at Orange, France, paid his vow to Mithras'. This could indicate that Silvanus built the temple in London. Mithras was originally a god from Iran. His cult was adopted in Rome and travelled the Empire with the army. Only men could become members.”","attribution":"Museum of London A16933","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Mithras Slaying the Bull (Tauroctony) from the London Mithraeum, late 2nd – early 3rd c, Roman, London, marble, 43.2 x 50.8 cm, London, Museum of London. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/467882.html"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/373/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/374/canvas.json","label":"Belt Fitting","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1972,"height":1092,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/112/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0c41632aeda70e3eb27b2ff4fb00a453.png","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/png","width":1972,"height":1092,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0c41632aeda70e3eb27b2ff4fb00a453.png","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/374/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “Gilt copper alloy belt mount, cast: rectangular, inlaid with square and lentoid garnets; and chip-carved Style I animals in angles; rivets in corners.”","attribution":"British Museum 1852,0705.1","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Belt Fitting, 6th century, Early Anglo-Saxon, copper alloy, garnet, and gold, 3.3 x 2.5 cm, London, The British Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1852-0705-1"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/374/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/375/canvas.json","label":"The Antioch \"Chalice\"","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1024,"height":1280,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/113/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/aeba274adcce0a06d91df0820512157c.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1024,"height":1280,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/aeba274adcce0a06d91df0820512157c.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/375/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “When it was discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century, this \"chalice\" was claimed to have been found in Antioch, a city so important to the early Christians that it was recognized with Rome and Alexandria as one of the great sees of the church. The chalice's plain silver interior bowl was then ambitiously identified as the Holy Grail, the cup used by Christ at the Last Supper. The elaborate footed shell enclosing it was thought to have been made within a century after the death of Christ to encase and honor the Grail. The fruited grapevine forming the rinceau pattern of the gilded shell is inhabited by birds, including an eagle; animals, including a lamb and a rabbit; and twelve human figures holding scrolls and seated in high-backed chairs. Two of the figures are thought to be images of Christ. The other ten figures have been variously identified as ten of the twelve apostles, or philosophers of the classical age, who, like the prophets of the Old Testament, had foretold the coming of Christ. The sixth-century chronicler Malalas of Antioch was among those who sought to make such links between Christianity and classical philosophy.\r\n\r\nThe identification of the \"Antioch Chalice\" as the Holy Grail has not been sustained, and even its authenticity has at times been challenged. The work has usually been considered a sixth-century chalice for the Eucharist. Most recently, however, its shape has been recognized as more closely resembling sixth-century standing lamps, its decoration possibly in recognition of Christ's words \"I am the light of the world\" (John 8:12). It has been argued to be part of a treasure of liturgical objects found in 1908 belonging to the Church of Saint Sergios in the town of Kaper Koraon southeast of Antioch. If so, Saint Sergios' parishioners might well have traveled to Antioch to purchase the object as a donation for their church. Or it may have been used in one of the churches in or near Antioch.”","attribution":"The Cloisters Collection, 50.4","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"The Antioch “Chalice,” 500-550 CE Byzantine, Antioch or Kaper Koraon (?), silver and silver gilt, 19.6 x 18 x 15.2cm), New York City, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/468346"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/375/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/376/canvas.json","label":"Woman at Her Toilet","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2560,"height":1640,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/114/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4e729454d93566e513d34cda5301051d.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2560,"height":1640,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4e729454d93566e513d34cda5301051d.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/376/canvas.json"}],"description":"This mosaic is one of those discovered at the archeological site of Sidi Ghrib in Tunisia, some 40 km southwest of Carthage. The site, a former Roman villa, was excavated in 1975. The scene depicts the matron of the house as she gets ready. She is attended by two maidservants and surrounded by various objects (sandals, caskets, a pitcher, etc.) The maidservant to the right holds a mirror in which we can see the reflection of the domina’s face. ","attribution":"Bardo National Museum","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Woman at Her Toilet, late 4th – early 5th century, Roman, Sidi Ghrib, Tunisia, 1.8 x 2.94 m, polychrome glass in mortar, Tunis, Tunisia, Bardo National Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://inpress.lib.uiowa.edu/feminae/DetailsPage.aspx?Feminae_ID=28766"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/376/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/377/canvas.json","label":"Saints Peter and Paul","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":840,"height":630,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/115/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/939de39e443497bed502065fd6986158.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":840,"height":630,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/939de39e443497bed502065fd6986158.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/377/canvas.json"}],"description":"The Early Christian Necropolis in Pécs, Hungary (Sopianae during Roman rule) is an underground burial site constructed in the 4th century. These tombs were decorated with many frescos, some of which depict recognizably Christian themes, and others of a more ornamental nature. This fresco of Saints Peter and Paul is found in Tomb no. 1 (The Peter and Paul Tomb), the saints point to the Chi Rho. Other frescoes in this room show the stories of Adam and Eve, Noah, the Magi, Jonah, and the Virgin and Child. There are also vegetal and animal motifs. ","attribution":"Early Christian Necropolis, Pécs","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Peter and Paul, 4th century, Roman, fresco, Pécs, Hungary, Early Christian Necropolis. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.pecsorokseg.hu/en"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/377/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/378/canvas.json","label":"Electrotype of ‘The Arras Medallion'","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1972,"height":1092,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/116/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/bf34940267f301a90aba8c19132b5d1b.png","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/png","width":1972,"height":1092,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/bf34940267f301a90aba8c19132b5d1b.png","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/378/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “The reverse scene is visual shorthand to the events described in the panegyric (eulogy) for Constantius, performed during or not long after the celebrations of 1st March AD 297. (Nixon & Rodgers, 1994, 106) The invasion of Britain and defeat of Allectus is presented as the liberation of Britain (Panegyric of Constantius 9, 5-6). In the aftermath, Constantius's soldiers saved London from rampaging Barbarian mercenaries (Panegyric of Constantius 17, 1). They were the remnants of the rebel army who had become intent on looting the city (now that their paymaster Allectus was dead). Constantius arrives at London by a mixture of transportation (alighting on horseback from a ship). The legend proclaims Constantius as 'the restorer of the eternal light' [of Roman civilization to Britain] (see also Panegyric of Constantius 19, 2-3 for the idea of Constantius 'refreshing' Britain with the 'true light' of the empire).”\r\n\r\nObverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAES\r\n\r\nFL[AVIVS] VAL[ERIVS] CONSTANTIVS NOB[ILISSIMUS] CAES[AR]\r\n\r\n[Marcus] Flavius Valerius Constantius, Most Noble Caesar\r\n\r\nReverse: REDDITOR LVCIS AETERNA LON[DINIUM] PTR (Trier Mintmark)\r\n\r\nRestorer of the Eternal Light ","attribution":"British Museum B.11477","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Etienne Bourgey, Electrotype of ‘The Arras Medallion,’ 1927, London, diam: 42 mm, weight: 36g, London, The British Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_B-11477"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/378/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/379/canvas.json","label":"Fresco","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1000,"height":616,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/117/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/1d546cfed99aa46485ec27f136b34dca.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":616,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/1d546cfed99aa46485ec27f136b34dca.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/379/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “This wall painting was found at Lullingstone, Kent, in the Darenth valley, when the remains of a Roman villa were excavated in 1949. The villa had been built in the late first century AD, and altered and extended several times in the succeeding 300 years. There was evidence for pagan worship at the site well into the fourth century AD, but eventually the family which ran the estate adopted Christianity. At this early date in the history of Christianity, house-chapels and other types of accommodation must have been at least as common as purpose-built churches. A small suite of first-floor rooms at Lullingstone (probably provided with external access) was set aside as a Christian place of worship.\r\n\r\nThe walls were decorated with elaborate paintings on Christian themes, which have been partially reconstructed. This area shows a frieze of praying figures. The figures pose with upraised hands in an attitude still used by Christian priests when praying before a congregation.”","attribution":"British Museum 1967,0407.1.b","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Fresco, 4th century, Romano-British, from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, 4.2 m, paint on plaster, London, The British Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1967-0407-1-b"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/379/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/380/canvas.json","label":"Bowl","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1972,"height":1092,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/118/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6925bf7811e1a645676fb8b616b10935.png","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/png","width":1972,"height":1092,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6925bf7811e1a645676fb8b616b10935.png","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/380/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “Silver flanged bowl with beaded rim (66 beads in total) on a circular foot-ring. The basal medallion and the rim are decorated with raised relief made using chasing and engraving techniques. The central medallion, enclosed in a circle of 92 beads, is decorated with a male bust facing left with Corinthian helmet and shield behind the bust; the bust is likely to represent Alexander the Great. The flange is decorated by four scenes separated by busts: the first with a male goat grazing and a pair of sheep, one a ram and the other a female, with a tree between; the second a bear chasing a pair of deer, flanked by a female bust on the left and a bearded male bust on the right; the third by a pair of goats and grazing sheep separated by a tree; the fourth by a bear bringing down a goat and another goat fleeing, separated by a tree, flanked by a female bust on the left and a satyr bust on the right.\"","attribution":"British Museum 1946,1007.7 ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Bowl, 4th century, Roman-British, England, silver, diam: 26.6cm; height: 9cm; weight, 1301g, London, The British Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1946-1007-7"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/380/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/381/canvas.json","label":"Empress Theodora and Her Retinue","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":0,"height":0,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/119/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/ac8303d9a7024e904f6a9051a9baaf17.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":0,"height":0,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/ac8303d9a7024e904f6a9051a9baaf17.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/381/canvas.json"}],"description":"This mosaic depicts Byzantine Empress Theodora and her retinue. Theodora carries the eucharistic chalice. In the companion mosaic of her husband, the Emperor Justinian, he carries the vessel for the eucharistic bread. To her left are two male figures, often identified as eunuchs. To the left are Theodora’s attendant women. The hem of Theodora’s robe shows the Three Magi. The background of the scene is richly filled with decorative architectural elements, a fountain, and textiles. ","attribution":"San Vitale","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Empress Theodora and Her Retinue, 547 CE, Byzantine, Ravenna, glass in mortar, Ravenna, San Vitale. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://inpress.lib.uiowa.edu/feminae/DetailsPage.aspx?Feminae_ID=30739"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/381/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/382/canvas.json","label":"Solidus of Galla Placidia","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":800,"height":436,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/120/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/222c31e7897efa463eb3c21bc95e91a3.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":436,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/222c31e7897efa463eb3c21bc95e91a3.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/382/canvas.json"}],"description":"Obverse: Bust of Galla Placidia right, diademed, draped, with necklace, crowned by hand, above. On her right shoulder: Chi Rho. \r\n\r\nDNGALLAPLA CIDIAPFAVG \r\n\r\n[D]OMINA [N]OSTRA GALLA PLACIDIA P[IA] F[ELIX] AVG[VSTA]\r\n\r\nOur Lady Galla Placidia Duitiful and Blessed Augusta\r\n\r\nReverse: Victory standing left, holding tall cross. Above star. \r\nVOTXX MVLTXXX In field: R V In exergue: COMOB\r\n\r\nVOT[IS] [VICENNALIBUS] MVL[TIS] [TRICENNALIBUS] CO[MITATUS] OB[RYZIACUM AURUM] \r\n\r\nVows (prayers) for twenty years of rule and multiplication of [these] vows for the thirtieth year of rule to come\r\n\r\nComitatus mint (the Emperor’s mint, here at Ravenna), Fine Gold","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks BZC.1948.17.932","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Solidus of Galla Placidia, 426-30, Roman, Ravenna, diam: 21mm, weight: 4.47g, gold, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.doaks.org/resources/online-exhibits/byzantine-emperors-on-coins/fourth-fifth-centuries-emperors/solidus-of-galla-placidia-421-450"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/382/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]}]}],"service":[{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/25/search","label":"Search this manifest with Omeka","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/search"}]}