{"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/209/manifest.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","label":"Late Antiquity 4/19","sequences":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/209/sequence.json","@type":"sc:Sequence","label":"","canvases":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1424/canvas.json","label":"Gold Aureus of Emperor Constantine I, minted in Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1805,"height":905,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/398/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/056b3372c17aefa92df74f3b9161400a.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1805,"height":905,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/056b3372c17aefa92df74f3b9161400a.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1424/canvas.json"}],"description":"Bust of Constantine I, draped, cuirassed, head, laureate, right. (obverse). Sol, radiate, naked except for cloak over both shoulders, standing right, crowning, with raised right hand, Constantine I, in military dress, with cloak over both shoulders, standing right, holding transverse spear in right hand and globe in right. (reverse)\r\n\r\nInscriptions\r\nObverse: CONSTANTINVS P F AVG\r\nReverse: SOL INVICTO COMITI\r\nReverse exergue: SIRM","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"321 AD Sirmium, gold, 4.32 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1424/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1425/canvas.json","label":"Gold Solidus of Emperor Constantine I, minted in Nicomedia","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1850,"height":908,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/399/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3e516d7e6b9b1b14adef0e4b4cb9537b.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1850,"height":908,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3e516d7e6b9b1b14adef0e4b4cb9537b.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1425/canvas.json"}],"description":"Gold coin. (whole)\r\nVictory, winged, draped, seated left on throne, holding small Victory, winged, draped, holding wreath up in right hand, standing right, on right hand, and cornucopiae in left: shield behind to right. (reverse)\r\nHead of Constantine I, with plain diadem, looking upwards, right. (obverse)\r\n\r\nInscriptions\r\nObverse: CONSTANTINVS AVG\r\nReverse: SMN","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"324-325, Nicomedia, gold, 4.43 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1425/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1426/canvas.json","label":"Gold solidus of Galla Placidia, mint of Rome","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":1768,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/400/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/9c3773cd7779a5acac0cb60ee57ef8dd.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":1768,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/9c3773cd7779a5acac0cb60ee57ef8dd.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1426/canvas.json"}],"description":"Diademed, draped (with Christogram on shoulder) and cuirassed bust of Galla Placidia, right, crowned by manus Dei (obverse). Victory, right, holding long jewelled cross. (reverse)\r\n\r\nInscriptions\r\nObverse: D N GALLA PLACIDIA P F AVG\r\nReverse: VOT XX MVLT XXX\r\nReverse field and exergue: R V // COMOB","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"421-450, Ravenna, gold, 4.47 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1426/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1427/canvas.json","label":"Gold solidus of Emperor Arcadius, mint of Constantinople","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1956,"height":960,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/401/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/bd34fc9b90aeffd392674fb4067cc756.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1956,"height":960,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/bd34fc9b90aeffd392674fb4067cc756.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1427/canvas.json"}],"description":"Gold coin. (whole)\r\nConstantinopolis seated, right, holding sceptre and Victory. (reverse)\r\nHelmeted and diademed bust of Arcadius, facing, cuirassed and holding spear and shield. (obverse)","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"383-408, Constantinople, gold, 4.45 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1427/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1428/canvas.json","label":"Copper alloy medallion, created under Emperor Constantine I, in celebration of the new imperial capital Constantinople\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1876,"height":2500,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/402/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/7f83e9b49c5e536ad4931b252fda88aa.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1876,"height":2500,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/7f83e9b49c5e536ad4931b252fda88aa.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1428/canvas.json"}],"description":"Copper alloy medallion. (whole)\r\nBust of Constantinopolis, helmeted, left, with sceptre on left shoulder. (obverse)\r\nConstantinopolis, turreted and seated left on stool, holding branch and cornucopia; she is crowned by Victory standing facing, head left, holding wreath and palm. (reverse)","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"340-347, copper alloy, 38.26 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1428/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1429/canvas.json","label":"The Anastasios Dish","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":2094,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/403/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/8e0510fb75fe5bc612acc9eecece0dd5.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":2094,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/8e0510fb75fe5bc612acc9eecece0dd5.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1429/canvas.json"}],"description":"Large shallow silver platter with a deep foot-ring set off-centre, made in one piece with the platter. The whole platter is virtually flat, with a flat raised rim and a slight lip. \r\nIn the centre of the platter is a roundel, comprising a medallion holding a small bird with outstretched wings, set within an eight-pointed star formed by two crossed squares. Between the points of the star are fleur-de-lys motifs. Outside this is a circular band of running spirals. This design is contained within a larger eight-pointed star also formed by two crossed squares, filled with frond, palmette and fleur-de-lys ornament. The frames of the squares contain a running spiral design. Between the points of this star are foliate fleur-de-lys, scroll and leaf motifs. The entire roundel is contained within a plain circular border.\r\nBetween the roundel and the rim is a ring of engraved ornament, divided into four segments by four evenly spaced medallions, with each segment containing a different foliate and geometric design. Two of the medallions depict a seated female figure, holding an orb and a spear; the other two medallions depict running female figures carrying different objects before them.\r\nThe rim is similarly decorated with engraved ornament, divided into four segments by four small, evenly spaced, medallions, with each segment also containing a different foliate and geometric design. The medallions depict running figures carrying objects before them.\r\nA large area in the middle of the platter is undecorated, and shows signs of wear and cracking, as does the rim.\r\nThere are four control stamps of Emperor Anastasius I on the back of the platter, within the foot-ring. Two different control stamps were used twice each: one hexagonal, and one oblong in shape. \r\n\r\nInscription\r\n\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"491-518, excavated from Sutton Hoo, silver, 564 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1429/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1430/canvas.json","label":"Gold Solidus of Emperor Anastasios, part of the Horndean Hoard, Hampshire, Britain\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":1665,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/404/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/075477a542824383127ff95abd1f801d.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":1665,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/075477a542824383127ff95abd1f801d.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1430/canvas.json"}],"description":"Gold coin. (whole)\r\nVictory holding long cross. (reverse)\r\nCuirassed bust facing with shield and spear over shoulder. (obverse)\r\n\r\nInscriptions\r\nObverse: DN ANASTA - SIVS PP AVG\r\nReverse: VICTORI - AAVGGG I\r\nMintmark: CONOB","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"492-507, Constantinople, gold, 4.51 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1430/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1431/canvas.json","label":"Silver imitation of a coin of Emperor Anastasios I, struck by Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths.\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":896,"height":520,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/405/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/80b23e42433825ebb128ccb8fb608434.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":896,"height":520,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/80b23e42433825ebb128ccb8fb608434.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1431/canvas.json"}],"description":"Silver coin. (whole)\r\nDiademed, draped profile bust, right, of Anastasius I, below ... (obverse)\r\nMonogram of Theodoric, cross above, star below. (reverse)","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"493-498, Milan, silver, 0.88 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1431/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1432/canvas.json","label":"Gold imitation of a 5th-6th c. Byzantine solidus. Found in a burial, in Turfan, Astana, China","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":1049,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/406/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/eb691e95f9cfc3e0c87c1949a422e7db.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":1049,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/eb691e95f9cfc3e0c87c1949a422e7db.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1432/canvas.json"}],"description":"Gold coin; imitation of Byzantine coin.\r\nCurator's comments\r\nStein 1928, p.648: \"Tomb i.5, which lay nearest to i.1 in a southerly direction, was found to contain three bodies, lying with their heads to the south. The one next to the entrance, (a), was big, obviously of a man, while the one in the middle, (b), was small and probably that of a woman. ... From the mouth of (a) a thin gold coin (Pl.CXX) was recovered, derived like the one in Ast.i.3 from a type of Justinian I, but struck only on one side and manifestly a more distant imitation.\"\r\nStein 1928, p.646: \"The fact that out of the four coins actually found by us in the mouths of Astana corpses three are Byzantine gold pieces or imitations of such pieces (Ast.i.3.023; Ast.i.5.08; Ast.i.6.03) and one a Sasanian silver coin (Ast.v.2.02) might naturally predispose us to connect this practice with the ancient Greek custom of placing a coin between the lips of the dead as the fare to Charon, the ferryman of Hades. But the reference with which M. Chavannes kindly supplied me in 1916 to a Buddhist story in the Chinese Tripitaka suggests that the custom was not unknown in the Far East also. [fn4: See Chavannes, Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripitaka chinois, i, p.248] It must further be borne in mind that as China had never had a gold or silver coinage, those who at Turfan wished to provide their dead with an adequate obolus for the journey to the world beyond would necessarily have to use a coin of Western origin for their pious purpose, if they wished it to be of precious metal.\"\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"5th-6th centuries, found in Astana, gold, 0.59 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1432/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1433/canvas.json","label":"Gold uniface imitation of Byzantine gold coin.Three-quarter face bust of Anastasios or Justinian I. Minted/created in China: Xinjiang\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":1665,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/407/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/7550d0eda30b4348d7f1801d432c5bac.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":1665,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/7550d0eda30b4348d7f1801d432c5bac.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1433/canvas.json"}],"description":"Uniface imitation of Byzantine gold coin. (whole)\r\nBlank. (reverse)\r\nThree-quarter face bust of Justinian I. (obverse)\r\n\r\nCurator's comments\r\nStein 1928, p.646: \"The fact that out of the four coins actually found by us in the mouths of Astana corpses three are Byzantine gold pieces or imitations of such pieces (Ast.i.3.023; Ast.i.5.08; Ast.i.6.03) and one a Sasanian silver coin (Ast.v.2.02) might naturally predispose us to connect this practice with the ancient Greek custom of placing a coin between the lips of the dead as the fare to Charon, the ferryman of Hades. But the reference with which M. Chavannes kindly supplied me in 1916 to a Buddhist story in the Chinese Tripitaka suggests that the custom was not unknown in the Far East also. [fn4: See Chavannes, Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripitaka chinois, i, p.248] It must further be borne in mind that as China had never had a gold or silver coinage, those who at Turfan wished to provide their dead with an adequate obolus for the journey to the world beyond would necessarily have to use a coin of Western origin for their pious purpose, if they wished it to be of precious metal.\"\r\nStein 1928, p.649: \"\"From the head of the other body, (b), which may have been that of a woman, was recovered the fragmentary face-cover of polychrome figured silk, Ast.i.6.01, showing 'Sasanian' pattern with a boar's head and pearl border, similar to Ast.i.5.03 (Pl.LXXVI), but smaller. Underneath was found the pair of silver spectacles, Ast.i.6.07 (Pl.LXXXIX). The mouth of (b) held a thin gold coin (Pl.CXX), struck on one side only, showing the three-quarter face bust of Justinian I, as it appears on the Byzantine coins of which this and the gold pieces from Ast.i.3 and Ast.i.5 are undoubtedly imitations. Two Wu-zhu [pinyin: wuzhu] coins, in perfect condition, were found near the head of (b).\"","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"6th c, Xinjiang, gold, 0.85 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1433/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1434/canvas.json","label":"Gold denomination of Emperor Justinian, 6th century, pierced with two holes","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1329,"height":1217,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/408/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/ea4dfc00c9ce3c7edaaee18b04586b63.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1329,"height":1217,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/ea4dfc00c9ce3c7edaaee18b04586b63.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1434/canvas.json"}],"description":"Coin of Justinian; gold; pierced with two holes; obverse, head of Justinian to right and inscription; reverse, Victory holding a wreath and globus crucifer, and inscription.\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"527-565, found in Kalymnos, gold, 15 mm\r\nInscriptions:\r\nObverse: DNIVSTINI ANVSPPAUG\r\nReverse: VICTORIA (A)VGVSTORVM CONOB"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1434/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1435/canvas.json","label":"Body-chain with coin-set clasp","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1708,"height":1920,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/409/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/8ce2f5d0b22d932f10df5f17bb77b7fb.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1708,"height":1920,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/8ce2f5d0b22d932f10df5f17bb77b7fb.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1435/canvas.json"}],"description":"Body-chain with coin-set clasp. Four chains are joined so as to form an upper-body decoration passing over the shoulders and under the arms of the wearer, and crossing at the front and back. The chains are of complex loop-in-loop construction connected laterally to form a thick flat strap, rather than a round-sectioned chain. They terminate in three-dimensional lions' heads. The lions have large eyes, rounded ears and flat muzzles. A plain tubular collar behind each head contains the end of the chain, fixed in place by a rivet, and each lion has a small ring in its mouth that connects with further rings to link with the frontal plaque, and to gold hooks at the other end, which connect with the back plaque to form a clasp. The collars that enclose the ends of the chains are encircled at each end by a band of twisted, square-sectioned wire.\r\nThe clasp at the back of the body chain takes the form of an octagonal open-backed mount set with a gold coin. A border in pierced gold features a foliate design of leafy spirals at the corners, meeting in the centre of each side over a heart-shaped leaf. This openwork border has been backed with sheet gold, so that it now appears simply as a design in relief on a solid background, and four ribbed rings are soldered to the backing in diagonal positions.\r\nThe coin is a solidus of Gratian (AD 367-83). At the front of the body chain is a roughly oval gold setting for nine gems. It has a slightly concave solid back. The center oval cell contains a cabochon amethyst, and surrounding it four almond-shaped garnets (one damaged) alternate with four empty circular cells still containing some jems. These may have contained pearls.\r\n\r\nInscription: VICTORIA AVGG","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"367-375 (production date of coin), late 4th century (body chain); minted in Trier; gold, garnet, amethyst and sulphur; 249.5 g"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1435/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1436/canvas.json","label":"Gold ingot, late 4th century, found in Romania, Braşov (county), and Braşov (city)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":1877,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/410/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f50adfaa19673ce48e10ca77614e42ba.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":1877,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f50adfaa19673ce48e10ca77614e42ba.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1436/canvas.json"}],"description":"Gold currency-bar stamped four times with a rectangular stamp recording the name of the procurator, Flavianus and once with the name of the assayer, Lucianus.\r\n\r\nThis is one of a hoard of fifteen such bars found in a Carpathian mountain pass in the 19th century. To ensure the continued purity of the gold coinage, in about AD 367 the emperors ordered all gold coins paid in tax to be melted down into bars before being turned back into coin (Codex Theodosianus 12.6.2), although the presence of gold bars in the late third century Aboukir (Egypt) Hoard suggests that the practice had been in place since at least Tetrarchic times. It was easier to test a smaller number of large bars than millions of individual coins for forgeries to ensure that they were of pure refined gold (obryzium; abbreviated to OB on the coinage at this time and OBR on this bar). Such gold bars represent the intermediate form the gold took after melting and before it was turned back into coins. They are marked with stamps of the assayers Flavianus and Lucianus, to demonstrate the quality of the metal, in this case - as other examples from the hoard attest - from a testing centre at Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) near the Danube.\r\n\r\nInscription: \r\nFL FLAVIANVS PRO●SIG AD DIGMA (branch)\r\nLVCIANVS OBR●I●SIG (Christogram)","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"4th c (late), Sirmium, gold, 476.2 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1436/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1437/canvas.json","label":"Silver ingot with stamps of Emperor Honorius (AD 395-423)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1871,"height":2500,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/411/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0fd2aa7b5f7992d59e5840f49ee092f5.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1871,"height":2500,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0fd2aa7b5f7992d59e5840f49ee092f5.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1437/canvas.json"}],"description":"Silver ingots like this were used to pay soldiers and civil servants in the Late Roman Empire. The stamped inscription reads EX OFFE HONORINI, which translates 'from the workshop of Honorinus'. It was found in 1777 with two gold coins of the emperor Arcadius (AD 395-408) and one of Honorius (AD 395-423), and dates to the end of the Roman period in Britain. The site, later to be occupied by the Norman Tower of London, lay inside the south-east corner of the Roman city wall, and it is possible that it had been a late Roman military stronghold.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"4thC(late)-5thC(early), found at Tower of London, silver, 353.4 g, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1437/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/canvas/canvas-17804054","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":1012,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/annotation/anno-17804054","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/canvas/canvas-17804054","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17804054/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":1012,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17804054","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1024}}],"label":"Byzantine Three-Ounce Weight with Imperial Busts of Justin II, Sophia and Justinian(?) (1) \r\n\r\n","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1438/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1024,"description":"Technical Observations: The patina is dark green with spots of red. White accretions are also present in the inscribed lines. All edges are smooth from handling. The incised lines have been roughly cleaned, making it difficult to see the nature of the surfaces and ascertain how the lines were made. Gouges at the back may be from finishing the back surface or from use.\r\n\r\nThe object was probably cast from a directly formed wax model. The inscribed lines and decoration were probably made in the wax model, but the object is not in good enough condition to be sure.\r\n\r\n\r\nHenry Lie (submitted 2005)\r\n\r\ninscription: in Greek, in five lines: \r\nΓΟ / Γ [three ounces]\r\nΕΠΙ ΤΟV ΠΑΝΕV/ΦΗΜΟV ΚΑΙ ΕVΦ/VΟϹΤΑΤΟV ϹΤΡΑΤ/ΗΛΑΤΟV ΙΟVΛΙΑΝOV ΦΑΜΕΝW ΘΚ. ΙΝΔ Η. \r\n[Translation: in the time of the wholly blessed and best disposed (of men) Iulianos, stratelates, on the twentieth of Phamenoth, eighth indiction.]\r\n[Note that the omicron and upsilon at the end of the fourth line are in ligature.]","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"16 March 575 CE (early Byzantine), Mixed copper alloy, Cast, lost-wax process\r\nh. 4 x w. 4 x d. 0.4 cm (1 9/16 x 1 9/16 x 3/16 in.)\r\n78.46 g\r\nHarvard Art Museum\r\n"},{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/canvas/canvas-17804055","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":1016,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/annotation/anno-17804055","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/canvas/canvas-17804055","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17804055/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":1016,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17804055","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1024}}],"label":"Byzantine Three-Ounce Weight with Imperial Busts of Justin II, Sophia and Justinian(?) (2)\r\n","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1439/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1024,"metadata":[{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/canvas/canvas-43352232","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":478,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/annotation/anno-43352232","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384/canvas/canvas-43352232","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/43352232/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":478,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/43352232","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1024}}],"label":"Byzantine Three-Ounce Weight with Imperial Busts of Justin II, Sophia and Justinian(?) (3)\r\n","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1440/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1024,"metadata":[{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191384"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-17803966","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":2550,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/annotation/anno-17803966","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-17803966","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17803966/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":2550,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17803966","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1611}}],"label":"Empress Bust Weight, Steelyard, and Collar with Chains (1)","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1441/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1611,"description":"Published Catalogue Text: Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Bronzes at the Harvard Art Museums \r\nThis fifth- to seventh-century steelyard weight in the shape of an empress represents the most common type of weight used with early Byzantine steelyard scales (1). Earlier scholarship proposed that each weight represented a specific Byzantine empress, but that theory has been overturned in favor of an interpretation of the crowned women as a generic imperial type, perhaps linked to the symbolism of official personifications. The crude outline of the bulky crown is similar to headgear worn by early Byzantine empresses depicted on consular diptychs and marble statuary. She wears a tunic covered by a heavy cloak with deeply grooved folds. Her right hand rests on the edge of the cloak, while her left hand clutches an object variously identified as a scroll or a mappa.\r\n\r\nAs is typical of weights from this time, the bronze is crudely modeled with no modeling on the reverse. This figure was hollow cast with its surface roughly modeled in wax, and then its interior was filled with lead. An iron pin is visible in the base. \r\n\r\nThe steelyard still has two copper alloy chains terminating in large hooks. These hooks extend from a loop with a swiveling mechanism that slides over the steelyard’s crossbeam. The crossbeam has three incised scales and three suspension points (two of which still have hooks). The three sides would have corresponded to three distinct ranges of measurement. The scale corresponding to the innermost suspension point is subdivided into 12 sections, each between 1.8 and 2 cm long and inscribed with three dots. The middle scale is more or less regularly subdivided into 25 sections, each between 0.7 cm and 1 cm long. Most of these sections (or sometimes a larger, double section) are inscribed with three dots. The border between the eleventh and twelfth section is marked by the letter K; the border between the twenty-first and twenty-second by V or Λ (Greek upsilon or lambda). The letters represented Greek numerals. The scale corresponding to the outermost suspension point consists of irregular incisions at the border (c. 0.3 cm distance from each other), with the following Greek letters inscribed with punched dots: Λ E M E N E Χ E O E P̣ E (the epsilons are inscribed in reverse; the reading of the penultimate letter is uncertain). The punched dot style of inscription is used on weight crossbeams even in the Roman period (2). It is unusual to have a weight preserved with its crossbeam, if in fact this group belonged together in antiquity; the crossbeam’s markings are exceptionally well preserved.\r\n\r\nSteelyards were commonly used throughout the ancient Mediterranean. These crossbeams would have a weight, usually in the form of a person or deity, that slid along the bar of the scale to measure bulk goods (3). Not surprisingly, many of the Late Roman and Byzantine examples with known findspots have been found along a coast or in shipwrecks, reflecting their commercial utility. The standard term in English, “steelyard,” is a bit misleading, deriving from the use of similar scales in the area on the north bank of the Thames, London, where steel merchants clustered until 1597. In the Roman period, a wide range of figures was represented on the weights, reflecting the diversity of forms of Roman small bronzes in general. By the fourth to fifth century CE, this multiplicity had narrowed and almost all steelyards used weights represented a generic empress type (like this example) or the goddess Athena (Minerva) (4). Although many late examples have been dated generally to the Late Roman period, the most firmly dated example is from the seventh-century shipwreck of Yassi Ada, off the coast of modern Turkey (5). The holdings of the Harvard Art Museums represent the lively eclecticism of this category of bronze, including busts of an empress type, a Minerva, an emperor and an ambiguous nude.\r\n\r\nThe basic shape of the bust weights was probably created from the lost-wax process, with later refinements added as the materials cooled. The hollow core was filled with lead to achieve the required weight, and a thin bronze sheet on the bottom capped the lead filling. Variations appear in the manufacture of different categories of the weights. The upper loop, with which the figure would be attached to the upper scale, was aligned in two different directions: the loop on the empress bust weights ran front-to-back, while the Minerva bust weights, in contrast, had a top loop that presents its circular face to the viewer. Furthermore, the Minerva weights possess rectangular socles, and the empress weights have oval socles.\r\n\r\n--\r\n\r\nTechnical Observations: The patina of all three components is green to gray-green, with varying amounts of smaller dark green areas and small spots of brown burial accretions. The green is very compact and preserves surface detail. The empress weight is slightly grayer in tone, and this slight difference could be important in relating the three components. On the other hand, variations in the choice of alloy for the figural cast weight could easily have caused this difference. The dissimilarity between the color of the mixed copper alloy weight and the very dark brass hook connected to the single chain link at the crown stands out, and the hook could have been added at a later date or come from another object.\r\n\r\nMost of the weight-bearing surfaces show a similar (and significant) degree of ancient wear. The retaining pin and ring for the third hook, now missing from the crossbeam, are made of iron rather than copper alloy, as in the other two, intact hooks. Perhaps this was a replacement (using a tougher, longer-lasting metal, although one more prone to corrosion) after the original copper alloy pin and ring failed. As suggested above, the flat profile hook attached to the weight, with its different patina, could also be a replacement, although possibly an ancient one. Its flat profile and sharp bearing edge are appropriate for precise measurement, and it would have seen the most aggressive and abrasive use of all the components, explaining the need to replace it during the original period of use. The lead and corroded iron inside the empress weight are intact and appear to be antique. The weight exhibits the dents and wear that would be expected from use. \r\n\r\nThe weight was cast, but areas of surface relief appear to have been enhanced with a file after casting. The chains were cold worked from a bronze rod, and the hooks and the crossbeam were probably cast as general shapes and then cold worked to receive their final shape and surface detail. Punches were used to make the scale markings on the crossbeam. ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"5th-7th century (early Byzantine); mixed copper alloy w/ lead and iron fill in bust, cast and hammered\r\n\r\nDimensions\r\nA. weight: 13.6 x 6 x 4.7 cm (5 3/8 x 2 3/8 x 1 7/8 in.)\r\n1441 g\r\nB. chains and hooks: 44 x 5.7 cm (17 5/16 x 2 1/4 in.)\r\nC. crossbeam with hooks: 39.2 x 1 cm (15 7/16 x 3/8 in.)\r\n\r\nHarvard Art Museums\r\n"},{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-20308052","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":532,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/annotation/anno-20308052","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-20308052","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20308052/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":532,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20308052","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1024}}],"label":"Empress Bust Weight, Steelyard, and Collar with Chains (2)","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1443/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1024,"metadata":[{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-20308056","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":336,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/annotation/anno-20308056","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-20308056","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20308056/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":336,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20308056","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1024}}],"label":"Empress Bust Weight, Steelyard, and Collar with Chains (3)","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1444/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1024,"metadata":[{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-17803918","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/annotation/anno-17803918","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164/canvas/canvas-17803918","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17803918/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":1024,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17803918","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":1010}}],"label":"Empress Bust Weight, Steelyard, and Collar with Chains (4)","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1445/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":1010,"metadata":[{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/320164"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1447/canvas.json","label":"Copper alloy weight of King Theoderic of the Ostrogoths","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2500,"height":2486,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/412/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/afd2577f9ba3d4650d57cb716a088f3c.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":2486,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/afd2577f9ba3d4650d57cb716a088f3c.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1447/canvas.json"}],"description":"Copper alloy weight of Theoderic, square with convex profile; inscribed on the face and sides; inlaid with silver, some missing; on the base a herring-bone wreath enclosing denominational mark; four-lobed motif in each corner.\r\n\r\nInscriptions\r\nInscription type: denominational mark\r\nInscription position: base\r\nInscription language: Greek\r\nInscription script: Greek\r\nInscription note: 1 oz\r\nInscription type: inscription\r\nInscription position: face\r\nInscription language: Latin\r\nInscription content: DN Theoderici\r\nInscription transliteration: Dominus Noster Theoderici\r\nInscription type: inscription\r\nInscription position: side\r\nInscription language: Latin\r\nInscription content: CATV| LINVS | VC.ET | INL.PFV\r\nInscription transliteration: Catulinus vir clarrisimus et inlustris praefectus urbi\r\n\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"493-526 (early Byzantine), made in Rome, copper alloy and silver, 25.7x25.4 mm, Harvard Art Museums"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1447/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]}]}],"service":[{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/209/search","label":"Search this manifest with Omeka","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/search"}]}