{"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/20/manifest.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","label":"Late Antiquity, Seminar 2","sequences":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/20/sequence.json","@type":"sc:Sequence","label":"","canvases":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/313/canvas.json","label":"Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2048,"height":3072,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/78/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a598bae72eedf7a41cde4f53eef86aeb.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2048,"height":3072,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a598bae72eedf7a41cde4f53eef86aeb.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/313/canvas.json"}],"description":"This sculpture group depicts the Four Tetrarchs, the four rulers of the Roman Empire as established by Diocletian. The rulers were divided into two groups: the augusti (Diocletian and Maximian) and the caesares (Galerius and Constantius I). There is scholarly disagreement over the identities of the specific figures, but it is generally thought that the two rulers of the Eastern Empire (Diocletian and Galerius) form one pair with the Western rulers (Maximian and Constantius) forming the second. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the augusti and caesares are shown paired. The use of porphyry, a stone long associated with imperium due to its rarity and its purple hue, was a specific and important choice. This stone is often associated with imperial sarcophagi, including that of Helena, the mother of Constantine I (wife of Constantius). Beyond this, the specific shade of purple continues to be associated with the emperor throughout the history of Byzantium, with Porphyrogennetos (Πορφυρογέννητος, literally “born in the purple”) denoting members of the Byzantine royal family who were born while their parent was emperor. A famous bearer is Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913-59). The sculpture of the Four Tetrarchs was dismissed by many earlier art historians, who found fault with the stylistic deviations from classical Roman sculpture. The original location of the statue is unknown; however, it was most likely moved to Constantinople by Constantine after 328. During the sack of Constantinople in 1204, the statue was among numerous treasures brought back to Venice. It was fitted to the façade of San Marco, where it remains. The missing portion of a figure’s foot was found in Istanbul in the 1960s and is currently in the collection of the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs, c. 300 CE, Roman, porphyry, height: 129.5 cm, Venice, St. Mark’s Basilica (one heel is located in Istanbul, Istanbul Archaeology Museum). "},{"label":"Source","value":"http://www.byzantium1200.com/capitolium.html "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/313/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/314/canvas.json","label":"Gold Bar","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2098,"height":317,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/79/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0f8f4496ffab67d050609f0fb0e5e537.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2098,"height":317,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0f8f4496ffab67d050609f0fb0e5e537.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/314/canvas.json"}],"description":"This gold bar is one of fifteen (all dating to the 4th century) that were found in Romania in the late 19th century. The form makes it more easily transportable, and it most likely would have been brought to a mint where it would have been melted down and used to make coins. Of the fifteen original gold bars, several were cut up, sold, and the group was otherwise dispersed. However, two intact bars were bought by the Kunsthistorisches Museum from a Viennese brewer. The bar bears five stamped inscriptions in Latin, providing details regarding the history of the gold bars, including the name of the inspector, a certification of its purity, and four additional inspection stamps that further verify the quality of the gold.\r\n\r\nInscriptions: \r\nLVCIANVS // OBR • I • SIC Christogramm and four times: FL FLAVIAN // VS PRO SIC // AD DIGMA\r\n\r\nFlavius Flavianus probavit signum ad digma\r\n\r\nFlavius Flavianus approves the authenticity mark [given by Lucianus]. \r\n","attribution":"Kunsthistorische Museum Wien Münzkabinett, RÖ 37443","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Gold Bar, c. 379-80, Roman, Sirmium (modern day Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), gold, 174 mm x 23 mm, weight: 499.86 g, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. "},{"label":"Source","value":"www.khm.at/de/object/6e41695e28/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/314/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/315/canvas.json","label":"Missorium of Theodosius I","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1010,"height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/80/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/60bd49fa03bd61ce8a5e6a6323a3dc33.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1010,"height":1024,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/60bd49fa03bd61ce8a5e6a6323a3dc33.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/315/canvas.json"}],"description":"Missorium of Theodosius I, 388, Roman, silver and silver gilt, diam: 74 cm, weight: 15.35 kg, Madrid, Academia de la Historia. \r\n\r\nThis silver dish, most likely made in Constantinople, was meant to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Theodosius I’s (r. 379-95) reign and would have been given as a gift to a member of his court or a civil or military officer as part of the ceremonial largitio (largess, giving of gifts). Other similar objects of this type have also been found. The dish depicts the seated emperor, flanked by his co-emperors, Valentinian II and Arcadius, as well as members of the imperial guard. Winged erotes (putti) offer gifts to the emperor. Below the emperor is a depiction of Tellus, the Roman earth goddess along with other mythological figures. An inscription on the ring at the base reads, in Greek: ποc ↑Ν ΜεΤ:  ποσότης λιτρῶν 50 μετάλλου (“50 metal pounds”). This unit of measure corresponds to 16.13 kg of silver, slightly more than the official weight of 15.35 kg, but this difference has been attributed to the possibility that the silver was weighted before the dish was decorated as well as the fact that there is a piece missing. The dish itself was found folded flat along the diagonal cut in 1847 in Almendralejo in Spain. \r\n\r\nInscription:\r\nD(ominus) N(oster) THEODOSIVS PERPET(uus)AVG(ustus)OB DIEM FELICISSIMVM X \r\n “Our Lord Theodosius, perpetual emperor, on the happiest occasion of the tenth anniversary [of his reign].” ","attribution":"Academia de la Historia","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Missorium of Theodosius I, 388, Roman, silver and silver gilt, diam: 74 cm, weight: 15.35 kg, Madrid, Academia de la Historia. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/theodosius-missorium"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/315/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/316/canvas.json","label":"Floor Mosaic with Bust of Apolausis (“Enjoyment”)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":690,"height":1091,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/81/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/09c1e1da6213dc75b5af37c1a6dfc0f8.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":690,"height":1091,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/09c1e1da6213dc75b5af37c1a6dfc0f8.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/316/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Descprition: “Apolausis, the personification of enjoyment, welcomes visitors to Dumbarton Oaks as she has done since its doors opened to the public in 1941. The floor had been discovered just a few years before in a bath building located approximately nine kilometers northeast of ancient Antioch, where excavations had been under way since 1932. The Committee for the Excavation of Antioch and Vicinity, led by Princeton University, was supported by several universities and museums and, starting in 1936, Mr. and Mrs. Bliss. In return for their contributions and with the consent of the Syrian Ministry of Antiquities, the donors to the excavation project received archaeological finds. It is for this reason that all of the floor mosaics at Dumbarton Oaks are from Antioch and nearby sites. The cordial offer to enjoy the amenities of the bath is made by the delicately veiled figure of “Enjoyment” holding up a rose. She graced the pavement of the cold-water pool which, along with other rooms built to provide the tepid and hot-water pools, was found in most Roman bath installations. Based on its location at Toprak-en Narlidja, some distance from Antioch, the building probably served as a public bath for a number of nearby villa-farms. \r\n\r\nApolausis is framed by multicolored patterns and colors that are repeated on both a square and diagonal grid, creating a dynamic surround in contrast to the calm figure with whom the entering viewer immediately establishes contact. The fan-shaped section of the floor corresponded to the original end of the room.”\r\n\r\n-S. Zwirn","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks  BZ.1938.72","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Floor Mosaic with Bust of Apolausis (“Enjoyment”), Late 4th-early 5th century, Early Byzantine, mosaic on mortar, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. "},{"label":"Source","value":"http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/30420 "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/316/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/317/canvas.json","label":"Adam and Eve from the Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":558,"height":770,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/82/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e6c8f64e57b8294ed1a73f24fd138388.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":558,"height":770,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e6c8f64e57b8294ed1a73f24fd138388.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/317/canvas.json"}],"description":"This fresco of Adam and Eve in the garden is instantly recognizable to anyone who is familiar with the scene from later centuries of Christian art. Within the catacomb, there is a mixture of pagan (including a representation of Orpheus playing a lyre), Christian (such as the raising of Lazarus), Old Testament (for example an elaborate depiction of the story of Jonah), and quotidian (a room decorated with paintings of athletes) imagery. This apparent comfort with the coexistence of styles and themes speaks to the gradual and adaptive shift in visual culture that occurred with the rise of Christianity. The catacomb itself, named after the saints and martyrs Marcellinus and Peter who are traditionally believed to have been buried there, covers 3 hectares in total with 4.5 kilometers of underground rooms on three distinct levels. During excavations in the 21st century, some 20,000 skeletons were found. ","attribution":"Catacombe SS. Marcellino e Pietro","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Adam and Eve, late 3rd to 4th century, Roman, fresco, Rome, Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter."},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.santimarcellinoepietro.it/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/317/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/318/canvas.json","label":"Byzantine Church at Petra","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2592,"height":1944,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/83/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0dd1f2ed85f21846f6e185c967e22d90.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2592,"height":1944,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0dd1f2ed85f21846f6e185c967e22d90.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/318/canvas.json"}],"description":"The so-called Byzantine Church in Petra is one of three Byzantine Churches in the city, the other two are the Ridge Church (also called the Red Church) and the Blue Chapel. It is generally The Byzantine Church is thought to have been built in the first half of the 5th century with some rebuilding in the 6th   century. The church was destroyed by a fiver in the 7th century. The Byzantine Church is notable for its monumental size, the 140 papyri found within (the Petra papyri), and the surviving mosaics, which depict animals, figures, the seasons, pottery, and plants. ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Byzantine Church (The Petra Church), 5th-6th century, Byzantine, Petra, Jordan."},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.visitpetra.jo/DetailsPage/VisitPetra/LocationsInPetraDetailsEn.aspx?PID=19"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/318/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/319/canvas.json","label":"Glass Cup","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1202,"height":2539,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/84/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a7079cf94ed5795bbede90bede9781c2.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1202,"height":2539,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a7079cf94ed5795bbede90bede9781c2.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/319/canvas.json"}],"description":"This ornamental cup bears a Greek inscription reading: “and for years to come!” It was found in Brsljin, Slovenia. ","attribution":"Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien Antikensammlung, XI 975","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Glass Cup, 4th century, Roman, Egypt (?), glass, height: 24 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum."},{"label":"Source","value":"www.khm.at/de/object/b7d7b7eecf/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/319/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/320/canvas.json","label":"Synagogue at Capernaum","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":4288,"height":2848,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/85/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4311607e63097aaaba32b45e537d408b.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":4288,"height":2848,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4311607e63097aaaba32b45e537d408b.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/320/canvas.json"}],"description":"Although there is a synagogue at Capernaum mentioned in the Gospel of Luke, the ruins of a synagogue visible today date to the 4th or 5th century CE. There is, however, some evidence of an earlier structure beneath its foundations, and some scholars have suggested that these are the remains of the 1st-century building. The 4th-century synagogue is comprised of four sections: a columnated prayer hall that measured 20.5 x 18.5 m, an eastern courtyard (20.5 x 11m), a southern balustrade (4m wide), and a small room at the northwest end of the building. Scholarly opinion is dividing regarding the possibility of there having once been a second floor with a prayer space reserved for women. The synagogue was decorated with carved figurative motifs, Jewish motifs (such as a menorah with a ram’s horn on one capital), as well as floral motifs. \r\n\r\nAn inscription in Greek reads (in translation): Herod son of Mo[ni]mos and Justus his son,\r\ntogether with (his) children, erected this column.\r\n\r\nAn inscription in Aramaic reads (in translation): Halfu son of Zebida, the son of Yohanan, made this column. May he be blessed.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Synagogue at Capernaum, 4th-5th century, Roman, white calcareous stone, Israel. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/capernaum%20-%20city%20of%20jesus%20and%20its%20jewish%20synagogue.aspx "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/320/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/321/canvas.json","label":"The Meeting of Leo I and Attila","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":4001,"height":3003,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/86/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0b962fb9bff92153ccfe5faa6257a7a0.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":4001,"height":3003,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0b962fb9bff92153ccfe5faa6257a7a0.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/321/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “The encounter between Leo the Great and Attila is the last fresco painted in this room. It was completed after the death of Julius II (pontiff from 1503 to 1513), during the pontificate of his successor Leo X (pontiff from 1513 to 1521). In fact the latter appears twice in the same scene, portrayed in the guise of Pope Leo the Great and as cardinal. According to legend, the miraculous apparition of Saints Peter and Paul armed with swords during the meeting between Pope Leo the Great and Attila (452 A.D.) caused the king of the Huns to desist from invading Italy and marching on Rome. Raphael situates the scene at the gates of Rome, identified by the Colosseum, by an aqueduct, an obelisk and other buildings, even if in fact the historical event took place in the north of Italy, near Mantua.”","attribution":"Musei Vaticani","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Raphael, The Meeting of Leo I and Attila, 1513-4, Italian, fresco, 500 x 750cm, Vatican City, Apostolic Palace. "},{"label":"Source","value":" http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/stanze-di-raffaello/stanza-di-eliodoro/incontro-di-leone-magno-con-attila.html"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/321/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/322/canvas.json","label":"One ounce Weight with Busts of Two Emperors","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2036,"height":1916,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/87/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4530583d9dcfc9062a96d42358d9d362.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2036,"height":1916,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4530583d9dcfc9062a96d42358d9d362.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/322/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “Rectangular Weight with Busts of Two Emperors, a Gamma and an Alpha (1 oz.)”","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks BZ.1950.14 ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"One ounce Weight with Busts of Two Emperors, late 4th-5th century, Roman, bronze with silver inlays, 2.3 x 2.1 x 0.48 cm, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. "},{"label":"Source","value":"http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/36535 "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/322/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/323/canvas.json","label":"Forgery of a Gold Semissis of Anastasios I ","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":4000,"height":4000,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/88/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4a9eae9919d2cfe8ca875ab958a8e1f5.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":4000,"height":4000,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4a9eae9919d2cfe8ca875ab958a8e1f5.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/323/canvas.json"}],"description":"Obverse: Bust of Anastasios I facing right with diadem, cuirass, and paludamentum.\r\n\r\nDNANASTA-SIVSPPAVC\r\n\r\nD[OMINUS NOSTER] ANASTASIVS P[ER]P[ETEUUS] AVC[VSTVS]\r\n\r\nOur Lord, Anastasios, Perpetual Emperor \r\n\r\nReverse: Victory, nude to the waist, seated facing right on shield and cuirass, inscribing XXXX on shield she holds on her knee.\r\n\r\nVICTORI-AAVCCC\r\nVICTORIA AVGVSTORUM \r\n\r\nVictory of the Augusti","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks BZC.1978.6","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Forgery of a Gold Semissis of Anastasios I (r. 491-518), gold-plated copper, diam: 20 mm, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.doaks.org/resources/coins/catalogue/BZC.1978.6/view "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/323/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/324/canvas.json","label":"Gold Chain with Fifty-Two Pendants","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1600,"height":2110,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/89/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/c24817c2c0ddcf55a2f2bdb8862275b9.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1600,"height":2110,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/c24817c2c0ddcf55a2f2bdb8862275b9.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/324/canvas.json"}],"description":"This gold necklace was found in Szilágysomlyó (modern-day Simleu-Silvaniei, Romania) in 1797 by two shepherd boys. The central pendant is smoky quartz. The other 51 pendants depict various tools and weapons in miniature as well as a man in a canoe. The chain would have been worn cross-shaped over the chest and back and the loose ends hooked into a ring eyelet. ","attribution":"Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien Antikensammlung, VIIb 1","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Gold Chain with Fifty-Two Pendants, 2nd quarter of the 5th century, Germanic (Gepid?), gold and smoky quartz, length: 176 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum."},{"label":"Source","value":"www.khm.at/de/object/aaa82b904f/"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/324/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/325/canvas.json","label":"Galerius attacking Narseh, detail from the Arch of Galerius, ","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":800,"height":532,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/90/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/39916aa53f23f30453c675830f7f9033.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":800,"height":532,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/39916aa53f23f30453c675830f7f9033.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/325/canvas.json"}],"description":"The Arch of Galerius was built between 298 and 299 and dedicated in 303 to celebrate his victory at the Battle of Satala and the capture of Ctesiphon. In this detail, Galerius (at left) is shown attacking Narseh (or Narses, at right). Narseh was the seventh Sasanian King of Kings of Iran and ruled from 293 to 303. Galerius, Caesar under Diocletian, invaded Mesopotamia, which Narseh had previously occupied in an attempt to cut off Galerius’s advance. After two battles with no clear winner, Narseh defeated Galerius completely at Callinicum. However, Galerius returned in 297 and invaded Armenia with 25,000 men. In this instance, Galerius was victorious. Eventually, a peace treaty was agreed upon. The scene on the triumphal arch in Thessaloniki takes some artistic license, Galerius and Narseh never met in battle. ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Detail of Galerius attacking Narseh, Arch of Galerius, dedicated 303, marble, Thessaloniki, Greece. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/galerius-arch"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/325/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/326/canvas.json","label":"Fragment of the Edict on Maximum Prices (in Greek)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1796,"height":3250,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/91/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/9b2b5b3d869f968de2853317fe04fa57.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1796,"height":3250,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/9b2b5b3d869f968de2853317fe04fa57.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/326/canvas.json"}],"description":"Issued by Diocletian in 301, the Edict on Maximum prices gives the maximum prices for more than 1,200 products, raw materials, labor, services, modes of transport, animals, and for enslaved peoples. Fresh green animal fodder could be purchased for 1 denarius communis  (the lowest price listed) and a male lion or purple dyed silk for 150,000 denari. The edict survives in fragments on stone inscriptions in both Greek and Latin, all but one of which were found in the Eastern part of the Empire. ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Fragment of the Edict on Maximum Prices (in Greek) re-used as part of the door frame of the medieval church of John Chrysostom, Geronthres, Greece. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://www.academia.edu/23644199/New_ English_translation_of_the_Price_Edict_of_D iocletianus"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/326/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/327/canvas.json","label":"Silver Ewer","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1394,"height":1800,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/92/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3d440c216d950fe4191f6fec19717f4f.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1394,"height":1800,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3d440c216d950fe4191f6fec19717f4f.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/327/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Desciprtion: “This silver ewer reflects the good life that could be found in a household in Daphne, the wealthy suburb of the great commercial city of Antioch. In one of the villas, the ewer was discovered purposely buried together with three other silver objects: a plate, a bowl, and a statuette of Aphrodite—the latter perhaps a guardian of the household (cf. Ross, 1953; Mango, 1986). Probably associated with the bowl, the ewer presumably formed a set such as those known as parts of the dinner service in well-to-do Roman households: servants would pour water from a ewer over the hands of diners and catch it in a bowl before eating. Although this ewer is not decorated, its bulbous body, long neck, and sharply angled handle place it in the fourth century. The cache of objects was excavated in the House of Menander, an extensive urban villa whose name derives from a representation of the famous Hellenistic Greek playwright on a floor mosaic. The mosaic with Fishing Erotes at Dumbarton Oaks (BZ.1940.64) also comes from this villa.”\r\n\r\n-S. Zwirn","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks BZ.1940.24","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Silver Ewer, 4th century, Early Byzantine, Antioch, silver, height: 20 cm, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks."},{"label":"Source","value":"http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/27018 "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/327/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/328/canvas.json","label":"Solidus of Constantine I","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1024,"height":472,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/93/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/072244b7b1de3e8daba2e41f6e9a0d1b.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1024,"height":472,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/072244b7b1de3e8daba2e41f6e9a0d1b.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/328/canvas.json"}],"description":"Obverse Bust of Constantine to r., laureate, draped and cuirassed\r\n\r\nInscription: CONSTANTINVS P F AVG \r\n\r\nCONSTANTINVS P[IVS] F[ELIX] AVG[VSTUS]\r\n\r\nConstantine Dutiful and Wise Augustus\r\n\r\nReverse Emperor standing crowning trophy\r\n\r\nInscription: SECVRITAS PERPETVA \r\n\r\nPerpetual Security ","attribution":"Harvard Art Museums 1951.31.4.2","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Solidus of Constantine I, 323, Roman, Sirmium, gold, 4.16g, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Art Museums. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://hvrd.art/o/196493"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/328/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/329/canvas.json","label":"Christ as Sol Invictus","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":462,"height":494,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/94/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/87cf3ffcf5a91b34eeabd1a547c0b9cc.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":462,"height":494,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/87cf3ffcf5a91b34eeabd1a547c0b9cc.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/329/canvas.json"}],"description":"This ceiling mosaic in Mausoleum M, the Tomb of the Julii, in the Vatican Necropolis underneath St. Peter’s Basilica, has been interpreted as depicting Christ as Sol Invictus (Unconquered Sun), the sun god of the later Roman Empire. Sol Invictus came to be favored by Roman emperors after Aurelian elevated the cult in 274 CE. Constantine I also identified with Sol. Invictus and has the figure depicted on some of his coinage. The figure depicted in this mosaic, if it is indeed a blending of Christ and Sol, is shown riding in a chariot pulled by rearing horses with vines (a symbol associated both with Dionysius and with Jesus) surrounding. ","attribution":"St. Peter's Basilica ","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Christ as Sol Invictus, Roman, 3rd century, mosaic, Rome, St. Peter’s Basilica. "},{"label":"Source","value":"http://stpetersbasilica.info/Necropolis/TombM.htm "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/329/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/330/canvas.json","label":"Roundel","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2277,"height":2400,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/95/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/fbbf198a75fb39b89f3fc47f79c2e53f.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2277,"height":2400,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/fbbf198a75fb39b89f3fc47f79c2e53f.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/330/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “Tapestry woven roundel (orbiculus). The small medallion at its center contains a female figure, likely a beneficent personification, with a green nimbus against a bright red background. Her breasts are distinguished in yellow against her dark blue torso. She wears a skirt with many folds and may be seated. The woman raises one arm and possibly holds up a leaf in a gesture common to depictions of personifications of the earth. Thin white supplementary threads above the woman’s right hand may be an unreadable interpretation of the inscriptions that often identify personifications. Eight thick, gold plant forms outlined in black surround the central medallion in a symmetrical arrangement; these plants are of the jeweled candelabra type often featured in textile medallions in the later part of Late Antiquity. Four of the vine-like plants contain birds, and the other four have leaves/flowers of various colors. Small birds and red dots fill the empty space within the main field. The borders of the central medallion and the larger design field are formed by interlocking color segments outlined in black. The outermost border is formed of red and yellow tendrils and blue dots.\r\n\r\nUndyed warps run parallel to the orientation of the figural design.”","attribution":"Harvard Art Museums 1931.46","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Roundel: Personification with Candelabra Plants, Byzantine, Egypt, 7th-8th century, 20.23 cm, wool and linen, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Art Museums. "},{"label":"Source","value":"https://hvrd.art/o/213655"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/330/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/331/canvas.json","label":"Griffin’s Head Lamp","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":3141,"height":2225,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/96/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6db262ec185b7f9a2216e4f6f95c1e0c.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":3141,"height":2225,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6db262ec185b7f9a2216e4f6f95c1e0c.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/331/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “Noteworthy for its imposing size, this lamp is also remarkable for its combination of pagan and Christian imagery. The handle is an elegantly articulated griffin’s head, which derives from pagan mythology, while the cross, symbol of salvation, and the dove, symbol of enlightenment through the Holy Spirit, are primarily Christian symbols. The griffin, having an eagle’s head and a lion’s body, was associated with Apollo, recognized as the god of the sun, the source of light, and the Muses, personifications of culture and knowledge. \r\n\r\nLight, a frequent metaphor of divine emanation in the Old Testament, was often used as a reference to Jesus and his ministry in the New Testament. In fact, every Christian lamp could be a metaphor for Jesus, who said, “I am the light of the world; he who follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the Light of Life” (John 8:12). An apt reference to Christian salvation, lamps and other Christian symbols were decorated with crosses during the centuries after Christianity’s official acceptance by the Emperor Constantine in 313. \r\n\r\nDuring the early Christian centuries, Christian imagery was not isolated from pagan imagery, nor did it wholly replace it. Combinations of age-old images were thought to reinforce the spiritual and apotropaic character of new visual images, aiding in warding off malevolent forces. The griffin, cross, and dove combined Apolline and Christian references into a new, but short-lived cultural hybrid.”\r\n\r\n-S. Zwirn ","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks BZ.1962.15","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Griffin’s Head Lamp, 4th-5th century, Early Byzantine, bronze, 20 x 24.5cm, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks."},{"label":"Source","value":"http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/27320 "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/331/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/332/canvas.json","label":"Keystone with Dionysos","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1233,"height":1800,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/97/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f96917c6251a6fc27426c3c9ed4a832b.JPG","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1233,"height":1800,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f96917c6251a6fc27426c3c9ed4a832b.JPG","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/332/canvas.json"}],"description":"Museum Description: “The fragment (BZ.1940.60) showing Dionysus, nude except for a mantle, with legs crossed and his right arm placed over his head—now broken off—leaning on a spirally fluted pedestal, served as a keystone of an arch whose span would have been approximately 2 m. \r\n\r\nThe remarkable depth of the sharply carved design, which creates a strong contrast of light and shadow, and the combination of symmetry and repetition characterize a wellknown group of limestone sculpture that has been excavated from a rich early Byzantine site in Middle Egypt called Oxyrhynchus (modern Behnesa). \r\n\r\nClosely related to two fragments with a vine scroll ornament in this collection (BZ.1935.12 and BZ.1940.59) which undoubtedly formed part of the same or similar arches with an inner span of about 2.5 m. \r\n\r\nThere has been much debate and confusion about the date and context of these architectural fragments. In the beginning of the twentieth century, they were interpreted as parts of church decorations. The excavations, however, were not systematically undertaken and documented and there is little exclusively Christian about these carvings. Revisions in the chronology of Egyptian-Coptic sculpture have led to a shift in opinion. \r\n\r\nWe now know that these sculptural remains were mainly part of tombs and belong to the city’s necropolis. The vine scroll arches may have been the façade of a Christian or a pagan tomb cella or the decoration and setting of a funerary niche. Dionysus in combination with grape vines alludes to the hope of the deceased for a joyful afterlife.”\r\n\r\n-G. Bühl","attribution":"Dumbarton Oaks BZ.1940.60","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Keystone with Dionysos, late 5th-6th century, Early Byzantine, Egypt, limestone, 35 x 38.5 x 12.5cm, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. "},{"label":"Source","value":"http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/27197"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/332/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]}]}],"service":[{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/20/search","label":"Search this manifest with Omeka","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/search"}]}