{"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/198/manifest.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","label":"Late Antiquity Sardis","sequences":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/198/sequence.json","@type":"sc:Sequence","label":"","canvases":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1238/canvas.json","label":"Bronze lamp in form of lion\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1624,"height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/215/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/00a27ddd3d6b8bb50c62288ac121ffc6.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1624,"height":1024,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/00a27ddd3d6b8bb50c62288ac121ffc6.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1238/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nLamp in the form of a lion, striding forward and holding a shell-shaped spout in his open mouth. A hole at the top of the mane, covered by a separately made hinged lid, allowed the lamp to be filled. A ring and loop just in front of the filling hole held a chain running back to the tail, which was used to suspend the lamp. A horizontal bar on the left side of the lion must be a means of attaching it to some kind of socket, on a lampstand or other fixture; the modeling on this side is sketchier than on the right, indicating that it was meant to be seen from the side. Patches on the sides mended flaws left when the lamp was cast. Length 0.164 m, height 0.083 m, width 0.04 m.\r\nCOMMENTS\r\nFrom the “Byzantine Shops,” shop E5, the same shop that held flask No. 221. The lion was the best known attribute of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia, and remained popular throughout Roman times (Hanfmann and Ramage 1978, 20-23; Ratté 1989, 379-81). Analysis of the metal revealed that it was made of brass, an alloy of copper and zinc.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Bronze lamp in form of lion, Sardis, 5th-7th century, bronze/ copper alloy, 16.4 x 8.3 x 4 cm, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum, 4342"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1238/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1239/canvas.json","label":"Two bronze lions’-head-shaped handle attachments","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1838,"height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/216/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/32681f5130c50291a1d0736bb60b552c.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1838,"height":1024,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/32681f5130c50291a1d0736bb60b552c.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1239/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nTwo small, nearly identical lion’s heads, with flat backs for attachments to some other object, such as a chest or piece of furniture. The heads are simply rendered, with round ears, long muzzles, and open mouths that may have held ring handles. Rather schematic incised lines and dots indicate mane, muzzle, and jowls; zigzag lines around the backplate.\r\nCOMMENTS\r\nThis pair comes from a late-occupation level immediately in front of the Synagogue, after the magnificent building had been largely abandoned and the space was being used for other activities, domestic and commercial. It is tempting to see in the lion imagery of Nos. 223-224 a recollection among Roman Sardians of the lions of their Lydian past, but the motif is far too common in the Roman world to draw such conclusions.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Two bronze lions’-head-shaped handle attachments, Sardis, Fifth to seventh century, with early seventh century context suggesting sixth to seventh century, bronze/copper alloy, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1239/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1240/canvas.json","label":"Socrates Menorah\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1485,"height":1333,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/217/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/000dd10bee250cc6d3774abf3354d331.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1485,"height":1333,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/000dd10bee250cc6d3774abf3354d331.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1240/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nThis was originally a seven-branched candlestick with a central vertical stem. Each branch, oval in section, has an incised lozenge pattern (L. 0.05, W. 0.022), carefully but monotonously cut. This pattern is to suggest stylized leaves of rhomboid shape. Between the branches is acanthus scroll open-work. This rinceau design starts and ends with flowers, arranged so that the long wave or stem rolls on to the next flower while a short arm curls inward to touch one of the two petals of the flower. The tops of the branches protruded through a cross bar, with a four-petalled rosette within the border on the end. The inscription is in the tabula, on two sides.\r\nThe work is highly competent, and the virtuosity of the open-work, done principally with the chisel, is outstanding. The surface is carefully smoothed but not glossy. Both epigraphic and archaeological evidence suggest the 4th C. A.D.\r\nCONDITION\r\nLarge-grained white marble, reddish discoloration.\r\nOuter two branches of candlestick on one side with part of horizontal inscribed cross bar; small fragments of two other branches, and piece of central stem preserved. Cement adheres to fragment of central stem.\r\nDIMENSIONS\r\nH. 0.565; radius of outer branch 0.47; second branch 0.34; section of branch 0.057; distance between branches 0.085. Inscription L. 0.17; H. of letters 0.032.\r\nINSCRIPTION TEXT\r\n(a)\tΣωκράτης [ -  -  -  -   το]ῦ οἴκου [ -  -  -  -  ]\r\n\r\n(b)\t[ -  -  -  ]ΣΙ[ -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  γ]λύφου.\r\nINSCRIPTION TRANSLATION\r\n(a) “Sokrates [ - - - ] of the house (i.e., the synagogue) [ - - - ]”\r\n(b) “[ - - - ] of the sculptor.”","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Socrates Menorah, Sardis, 1st half of 4th C. AD?, marble and stone"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1240/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1241/canvas.json","label":"Socrates Menorah (2)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1485,"height":1333,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/218/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6a5841c1ca2c4a1d49837c55f52f9150.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1485,"height":1333,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6a5841c1ca2c4a1d49837c55f52f9150.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1241/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1241/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1242/canvas.json","label":"Inscribed Block from Anta of the Metroon (reused in Synagogue): Decree Honoring Heliodoros","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2000,"height":1877,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/219/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/5cfcfe2291780e34ef9f2357bd107c21.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1877,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/5cfcfe2291780e34ef9f2357bd107c21.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1242/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nBlock of grayish-white marble, upper left corner damaged. Below the inscription there is a blank space of 0.115 m; separated by a blank space of 0.16 m, it is preceded by no. 310. For further details, see Gauthier, pl. XII (drawing of the stone).\r\n\r\nINSCRIPTION TYPE\r\nDecree or Other Decision\r\nINSCRIPTION LANGUAGE\r\nGreek\r\nINSCRIPTION TEXT\r\n\t\tΓνώμη βουλευτῶν· ἐπειδὴ Ἡλιόδωρος Διοδώρου τοῦ\r\n\t\tΛέοντος πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας χρείας παρείσχηται\r\n\t\tτῶι δήμωι κοινῆι τε καὶ ἰδίαι ἕκαστον τῶν πολιτῶν εὐεργετῶν\r\n\t4\tκαὶ πρεσβεύων πολλὰ συνκατεσκεύακεν τῶν πρὸς δόξαν\r\n\t\tκαὶ τιμὴν ἀνηκόντων, ἅμα δὲ καὶ λυσιτελῶν, οὐ μόνον παρ᾿ ἡμῖν\r\n\t\tποιούμενος τὰς ἀποδείξεις τῆς αὑτοῦ καλοκαγαθίας,\r\n\t\tἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς πεμπομένοις δικαστηρίοις ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου\r\n\t8\tεἰς τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις δυνατῶς καὶ ἐπιεικῶς ἐν ἑκάστοις\r\n\t\tἀναστρεφόμενος, δι᾿ ὃ καὶ τέτευχεν στεφάνων καὶ τιμῶν\r\n\t\tἐνδόξων· ἵνα δὲ καὶ οἱ πολῖται φαίνωνται τιμῶντες τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς\r\n\t\tτῶν ἀνδρῶν, δεδόχθαι τῆι βουλῆι καὶ τῶι δήμωι· στεφανῶσαι αὐτὸν\r\n\t12\tχρυσῶι στεφάνωι καὶ εἰκόνι χαλκῆι· ἀναγράψαι δὲ καὶ τὸ ψήφισμα·\r\n\t\tτὴν δὲ ἐπιμέλειαν τούτων ποιήσασθαι τοὺς στρατηγούς.\r\nINSCRIPTION TRANSLATION\r\n“Motion of the councilors: Heliodoros, son of Diodoros, the son of Leon, has done numerous and significant services jointly to the People and separately to individuals, providing benefits to each of the citizens; and as ambassador he contributed by undertaking activities that yielded glory and honor and at the same time were of benefit; not only did he deliver proofs of his own excellence amongst us, but also in the law-courts that were sent by the People to the other cities: in each (court) he showed himself to be competent and equitable; for this reason, too, he obtained wreaths and glorious accolades. Consequently, and in order to let it be seen that also our citizens honor the good ones amongst the men, be resolved by Council and People to crown him with a golden wreath and (honor him) with a bronze statue; furthermore to have the decree inscribed; and that the strategoi will take care of the decree’s implementation.”","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Inscribed Block from Anta of the Metroon (reused in Synagogue): Decree Honoring Heliodoros, Sardis, first half of 2nd century BC, marble, 0.64 x 0.71 x 0.76 m"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1242/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1243/canvas.json","label":"Mosaic Inscription in tabula ansata: Building Inscription for Portico under Flavius Maionios","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2000,"height":1372,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/220/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/caf6287ecbc92524844d20df4aaac4c7.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1372,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/caf6287ecbc92524844d20df4aaac4c7.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1243/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nPartly damaged mosaic inscription in a tabula ansata.\r\n\r\nINSCRIPTION LANGUAGE\r\nGreek\r\nINSCRIPTION TEXT\r\n\t\tἘκεντήθη ὁ ἔ̣[μ]βολο̣ς̣\r\n\t\tἐπὶ Φλ(αβίου) Μαιονίου τοῦ\r\n\t3\tμεγαλο[π]ρ(επεστάτου) κόμ(ητος) κ(αὶ) ὑπατικοῦ.\r\nINSCRIPTION TRANSLATION\r\n“The portico was laid with mosaics under the magnificentissimus count and consularis Flavius Maionios.”","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Mosaic Inscription in tabula ansata: Building Inscription for Portico under Flavius Maionios, Sardis, 5th-6th century AD, mosaic, 0.72 x 2.84 m"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1243/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1244/canvas.json","label":"Mosaic Inscription in tabula ansata: Building Inscription for Portico under Flavius Maionios (2)\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2000,"height":1499,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/221/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/79a6b2e5bca0e7c77b11354f8cdefa38.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1499,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/79a6b2e5bca0e7c77b11354f8cdefa38.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1244/canvas.json"}],"description":"Aerial view of mosaic in context, showing Synagogue at north, Byzantine Shops, northern foundation of monumental arch, street paving, and fallen blocks of monumental arch.","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1244/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1245/canvas.json","label":"Mosaic Inscription in tabula ansata: Building Inscription for Portico under Flavius Maionios (3) ","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2000,"height":1499,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/222/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0ce701b96f1777b2d9b713c72593c106.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1499,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0ce701b96f1777b2d9b713c72593c106.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1245/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1245/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1246/canvas.json","label":"Mosaic Inscription in square frame (from Synagogue, Main Hall, Bay 4): Votive (Building/renovation?) Inscription by Samoes, priest\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1893,"height":1825,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/223/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/b737f7d3053e0770476f3e20a3eb7cc0.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1893,"height":1825,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/b737f7d3053e0770476f3e20a3eb7cc0.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1246/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nMosaic inscription in a square frame.\r\n\r\nINSCRIPTION TYPE\r\nReligious Inscription\r\n\r\nINSCRIPTION LANGUAGE\r\nGreek\r\n\r\nINSCRIPTION TEXT\r\n\t\t   Εὐχὴ\r\n\t\t[Σ]α̣μοῆ ἱε-\r\n\t\t[ρ]έω̣ς κὲ σο-\r\n\t4\tφοδιδασ-\r\n\t\t   κάλου.\r\n\r\nINSCRIPTION TRANSLATION\r\n“Vow of Samoés, Priest and Teacher of wisdom” (Kroll, who has “of Samoé”).\r\n\r\nCOMMENTS\r\n2 Σαμοῆ seems to be the genitive of Σαμο(υ)ῆς, a by-form of Σαμουῆλ (Ameling; see also Kroll’s commentary).\r\n2–3 ἱε/[ρ]έω̣ς: my reading from the photograph; ἱε/ρέος, edd. The dedicant was “a descendant of the priesthood that anciently served in the Temple of Jerusalem”; they “were accorded the privileges of pronouncing certain benedictions during services and as preferred readers of the Torah” (Kroll; see Ameling, pp. 158–59).\r\n3–5 σοφοδιδάσκαλος is a hapax legomenon: probably virtually identical with the known function of a νομοδιδάσκαλος (Ameling).\r\nThe mosaic bearing the inscription was a “late intrusion into the surrounding mosaic,” and it is generally assumed that the vow was “connected with the construction that was supported on the four stone bases that were set into the floor around the inscription” (Kroll). See Kroll’s and Ameling’s commentaries with further references.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Mosaic inscription in square frame, Sardis, mosaic, 0.9 x 0.9 m"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1246/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1247/canvas.json","label":"Marble head of bearded man\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":0,"height":0,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/224/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f62c23b68d802ec2fe424798e9587e41.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":0,"height":0,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f62c23b68d802ec2fe424798e9587e41.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1247/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nHead broken at neck. Framing the forehead “are three separate masses of hair…one in the center made up of two separate tiers, and two at the sides.…The forehead is plastically modeled with two horizontal bony masses.…Upon the surface are incised horizontal furrows, both in the center of the forehead, and just over the eyebrows.” Eyebrows are prominent. Of the eyes, “the pupil is a drilled pendent arc, the iris incised.” Under the eyes are pouches; and at each corner incised crow’s feet. Cheek folds terminate in crisp lines that extend from outer nostrils to outer mustache. The mustache is “heavy” and “curved,…neatly trimmed to follow the edge of the overhanging upper lip. Above the center of the lip the mustache is parted, leaving a small triangular bare spot.”…There is a short growth of beard under the lower lip, and then a bare area, before the voluminous thick curls of the chin. Here the beard falls in two tiers, one on the forward chin and one from underneath the jaw. Most of the curls are short. Deep drilling is used in the hair framing the brow and in the beard; and in both places there are ‘bridges’ or ‘hair struts.’ “The ears have a large opening and are deeply drilled.” Behind the masses of hair that frame the brow, the hair surface is unfinished: over the top and back of the head it is smoothly chiseled, and two rows of curls at the back of the neck are roughly defined. Just behind the central mass of hair over the brow are three incised letters in Greek: Χ Μ Γ. (Quotations are from Ramage in Hanfmann and Ramage 1978, 100). Preserved height 0.30 m.\r\n\r\nCOMMENTS\r\nThe head was recovered resting face down in debris, which was evidently bedding for a Byzantine road of the seventh century AD or later; it probably belongs to a full statue. Features of the face and beard suggested to E. Wueste (unpublished MA thesis, University of California at Berkeley) that the statue probably represented an intellectual rather than an administrative official. The three letters, located on the unfinished top of the head and behind the crest of the central hair mass, would not have been visible from the front of the statue; they are an acronym, which signifies Christ born of Mary, and may refer to the Christian persuasion of either the sculptor or the subject. (The letters are not cited in Hanfmann and Ramage 1978 and earlier publications; after publication, their significance was queried by Manisa Museum Director H. Dedeoğlu.)","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Marble head of bearded man, Sardis, 3rd - 5th century AD, marble, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1247/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1248/canvas.json","label":"Flask\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1024,"height":1264,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/225/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6d593c3331a3bf917c7d1ac16628a486.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1024,"height":1264,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6d593c3331a3bf917c7d1ac16628a486.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1248/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nLarge lentoid flask. Two handles from shoulder to neck. Mold made in two pieces; wheel-made neck and handles added separately. Decoration in relief on two sides. Side A: cross within circle, with two hares below, one resting forelegs on cross, the other on the enclosing circle, reaching up to eat branches. Side B: two facing geese eating grapes, framed with zig-zags. Preserved height 0.24 m, diameter of body 0.187 m, thickness of flask (back to front) 0.095 m.\r\nCOMMENTS\r\nFrom Byzantine Shop E5 (cf. No. 220). This same shop contained the bronze lamp in the form of a lion, No. 223. Like the plate No. 220 and incense shovel No. 222, the cross on the flask emphasizes its association with Christian practice. This is an unusually large version of a well-known type of small flask or ampulla that was carried by pilgrims and other travelers in Late Antiquity. Written sources mention the protective power of their contents — sanctified earth, oil, or water—as well as the images impressed on their sides.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Flask, Sardis, late 5th - 6th century, ceramic, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1248/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1249/canvas.json","label":"Flask (2)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1024,"height":1142,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/226/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/793df5e01bfd522194ef2d5a3133cc8d.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1024,"height":1142,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/793df5e01bfd522194ef2d5a3133cc8d.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1249/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1249/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1250/canvas.json","label":"Incense shovel with cross\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1194,"height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/227/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4a8bf696329e90f15e0446192b33c8b3.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1194,"height":1024,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4a8bf696329e90f15e0446192b33c8b3.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1250/canvas.json"}],"description":"DESCRIPTION\r\nRectangular bronze scoop, with socket on back for a handle. On the sides are two dolphins with arching tails attached to the scoop by rods round in section. Rising from the tails of the dolphins is an arch framing a cross, forming the back of the scoop. Scoop, arch, and cross are decorated with small dotted circles. \r\n\r\nCOMMENTS\r\nDolphins were a favorite theme of artists throughout antiquity, and may have been seen as a kind of fish with a symbolic connection with Christianity; the dotted circles were thought to have protective properties in later Roman times.\r\nThe incense shovel was discovered in a room with two bronze incense burners, and could have been used in the home or elsewhere for special liturgical purposes. Found in the first year of renewed excavations at Sardis in 1958, this and other bronze objects found in this late-Roman house gave a name to this excavation sector, the “House of Bronzes” or “HoB.” Deeper excavation in this sector recovered many of the Lydian objects in this exhibition.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Incense shovel with cross, Sardis, 5th-7th century, bronze/copper alloy, 0.085 x 0.140 m, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1250/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1251/canvas.json","label":"Church M at Sardis","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1920,"height":1285,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/228/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e6519faadd6bfb7814159c7ade0f866f.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1920,"height":1285,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e6519faadd6bfb7814159c7ade0f866f.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1251/canvas.json"}],"description":"Introduction\r\nThe small brick-and-rubble building located near the southeast corner of the Temple of Artemis is known as Church M. The structure was probably set up in the later 4th century, and was used by local residents as a place of Christian worship until the early 7th century. The massive medieval landslide that buried the east end of the Temple accounts for the exceptional preservation of Church M, which was discovered by Butler in 1911 and cleared the following year (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).\r\n\r\nThe construction of a small church or chapel within the temenos of a classical temple reflects the far-reaching changes that swept across the later Roman empire during the 4th century. State recognition of Christianity by the emperor Constantine was soon followed by his founding a new eastern capital at Constantinople. While the Temple of Artemis probably had passed out of active use before this time, its massive walls and imposing columns continued to dominate the area. Small incised crosses and religious graffiti still visible near the Temple’s east entrance reflect the efforts of local inhabitants to deconsecrate the building and neutralize any lingering spiritual power of the classical cult. The closing of Roman temples under the emperor Theodosius in the 390s may have encouraged some Sardis residents to build houses in the area and to dismantle the classical structure for stone. Church M may have been intended both for devotional use by families living nearby and to commemorate this important change in Lydian religious traditions.\r\n\r\n\r\nFig. 1\r\nPlan of Sardis (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College)\r\n\r\nFig. 2\r\nPlan of the Temple of Artemis showing Church M (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College)\r\n\r\nFig. 3\r\nChurch M during excavation (Howard Crosby Butler Archive, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University)\r\n\r\nFig. 4\r\nChurch M during excavation (Howard Crosby Butler Archive, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University)\r\n\r\nFig. 5\r\nChurch M during excavation (Howard Crosby Butler Archive, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University)\r\n\r\nFig. 6\r\nView of Church M (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College)\r\n\r\nFig. 7\r\nView of Church M from the east, with the temple of Artemis (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College)\r\nDesign and Construction\r\nThe unusual location and small size of Church M reflect these transitional times. The building stands immediately outside the Temple, in front of the eastern colonnade with its main doorway asymmetrically framed by the two southernmost columns. Two smaller columns (no longer visible) were found by Butler in the south pteroma, about 25 m to the west, and may have formed part of an earlier boundary or portal (fig. 8).\r\n\r\nThe church or chapel was built in two distinct phases. The original building apparently consisted of a rectangular space, 7 m long by 5.6 m wide (figs. 9, 10, 11). A semicircular apse with a single window faced the doorway from the west. The walls were built of bricks, fieldstones, and marble fragments set in mortar, and were covered with painted plaster. Three more windows once opened above the apse. Traces of similar windows can be seen in the upper part of the north wall, through which a small doorway led to another room known only by foundations.\r\n\r\nExcavation in 1912 recovered a hoard of 25 bronze coins that had been concealed here c. 400, when the building was clearly in service. The floor of Church M originally lay near the level of the pteroma; the present stone paving stands more than 1 m higher and reflects the gradual accumulation of earth across the Temple precinct.\r\n\r\nAt a later date a small room with an even larger apse was added about 5 m east of the original building (figs. 9). A wide window with three arches supported by two marble mullions occupied the apse wall, which was reinforced by two lateral buttresses. Small doorways seem to have opened to both south and north. An irregular block of stone set atop a short column in the western apse may have served as a makeshift altar when the building was abandoned in the 7th century or slightly later (fig. 12).","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Church M at Sardis, 4th century mortuary chapel, built in the location of the Temple of Artemis"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1251/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1252/canvas.json","label":"Church M at Sardis (2)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1200,"height":933,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/229/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/55aa8d2697c5dcdbfdc3b0e54ea9ef44.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1200,"height":933,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/55aa8d2697c5dcdbfdc3b0e54ea9ef44.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1252/canvas.json"}],"metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Church M, during excavation"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1252/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1254/canvas.json","label":"Sardis Synagogue","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":4903,"height":3252,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/230/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a3b05d8873bd71350124780d58324aa2.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":4903,"height":3252,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a3b05d8873bd71350124780d58324aa2.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1254/canvas.json"}],"metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Sardis Synagogue, Completed Late 3rd century CE"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1254/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1255/canvas.json","label":"Sardis Synagogue (2)","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":4903,"height":3252,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/231/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/88c50b2031d4a9c7b1edc289828a4638.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":4903,"height":3252,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/88c50b2031d4a9c7b1edc289828a4638.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1255/canvas.json"}],"metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Sardis Synagogue, Completed Late 3rd century CE"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1255/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1256/canvas.json","label":"Aerial view of the Bath-Gymnasium complex","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1426,"height":2400,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/232/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/1e934b163cc6ac05b4b48fc8f7f0dded.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1426,"height":2400,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/1e934b163cc6ac05b4b48fc8f7f0dded.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1256/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1256/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1257/canvas.json","label":"Bath-Gymnasium complex during reconstruction","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2400,"height":1485,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/233/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/cbee165b575c34630a88056833e1caeb.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2400,"height":1485,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/cbee165b575c34630a88056833e1caeb.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1257/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1257/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1258/canvas.json","label":"Sector MMS/N and RT, aerial view showing collapsed Roman arch, Lydian gate, and mosaic","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2000,"height":1499,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/234/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/84e1b91bd129b2004d20ce8b1943f42a.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1499,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/84e1b91bd129b2004d20ce8b1943f42a.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1258/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1258/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1259/canvas.json","label":"Aerial view of the Temple of Artemis","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2000,"height":1499,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/235/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/c5f92d2364b7e58512c73190425f4d85.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1499,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/c5f92d2364b7e58512c73190425f4d85.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1259/canvas.json"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1259/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]}]}],"service":[{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/198/search","label":"Search this manifest with Omeka","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/search/1/search"}]}