{"@context":"http://www.shared-canvas.org/ns/context.json","@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/196/manifest.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","label":"Late Antiquity Pilgrimage","sequences":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/collections/196/sequence.json","@type":"sc:Sequence","label":"","canvases":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191132/canvas/canvas-18828438","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191132/annotation/anno-18828438","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191132/canvas/canvas-18828438","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/18828438/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":1024,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/18828438","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":735}}],"label":"Pilgrim Flask with Scenes of St. Menas\r\n","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1200/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":735,"description":"Description\r\nBoth sides of this terracotta ampulla (pilgrim flask) are decorated with the same scene in relief: Saint Menas in prayer, flanked by two kneeling camels within a circular border of dots or studs. The saint stands frontally, arms held open; the long folds of his cloak are visible as vertical lines on either side of his body; there may be crosses depicted in the space on either side of his head. The body of the flask was created with a two-piece mold; the handles were made separately and attached before firing. The relief is worn and difficult to read; there is some discoloration on the vessel, particularly on the raised details.\r\n\r\nCommentary\r\nFlasks bearing images of Saint Menas are not uncommon in Egypt. Menas was a Roman soldier who was martyred; veneration of him as a saint centered on an oasis near Alexandria. On better-preserved ampullae bearing the same scene, the details of Menas' clothing (tunic, boots, and cloak, perhaps in the style of the later Roman military) are much clearer; the border type varies between the dot/stud motif and chevrons. Some examples bear inscriptions or depictions of crosses above the saint's arms.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Pilgrim Flask with Scenes of St. Menas, 4th-7th century, terra-cotta, 9.4 x 6.9 x 2.3 cm (3 11/16 x 2 11/16 x 7/8 in.), Harvard Art Museums"},{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/191132"}]},{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/77733/canvas/canvas-20226279","@type":"sc:Canvas","height":1024,"images":[{"@id":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/77733/annotation/anno-20226279","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","on":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/77733/canvas/canvas-20226279","resource":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20226279/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","height":1024,"service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20226279","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"},"width":806}}],"label":"Pilgrim Flask with Scenes of St. Menas\r\n","otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1202/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}],"width":806,"description":"Commentary\r\nFlasks bearing images of Saint Menas are not uncommon in Egypt. Menas was a Roman soldier who was martyred; veneration of him as a saint centered on an oasis near Alexandria. On better-preserved ampullae bearing the same scene, the details of Menas' clothing (tunic, boots, and cloak, perhaps in the style of the later Roman military) are much clearer; the border type varies between the dot/stud motif and chevrons. Some examples bear inscriptions or depictions of crosses above the saint's arms.\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Pilgrim Flask with Scenes of St. Menas, 4th-7th century, terra-cotta, 8.5 x 6.8 x 2.3 cm (3 3/8 x 2 11/16 x 7/8 in.)"},{"label":"Source","value":"https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/77733"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1203/canvas.json","label":"Ampulla (Flask) of Saint Menas\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1752,"height":2044,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/156/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/466658886ba3f7acb60af2dcd89b091e.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1752,"height":2044,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/466658886ba3f7acb60af2dcd89b091e.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1203/canvas.json"}],"description":"Ampullae like this one were used by pilgrims to bring home water or oil from the great pilgrimage site for Saint Menas, said to be a late-third-century Egyptian Roman soldier who was martyred for his Christian faith. He is shown between the two camels who returned his body to Egypt for burial.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Ampulla (Flask) of Saint Menas, Egypt, late 6th century–mid 8th century, earthenware, H. 3 1/4 in. (8.3 cm)\r\nW. 3 in. (7.6 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1203/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1204/canvas.json","label":"Hexagonal Jug with Handles\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":0,"height":0,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/158/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/9023d868820a15036f0a907e7756738d.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":0,"height":0,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/9023d868820a15036f0a907e7756738d.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1204/canvas.json"}],"description":"The designs on this jug are upside down, errors that likely resulted from mass production.\r\n\r\nThese vessels were made for Jews and Christians, possibly as tokens for pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem or for use in burial rites. They appear to have been mass-produced in a single workshop, since the vessels for the two religions closely resemble each other in shape and style and differ only in the symbols decorating them. The Jewish vessels depict the menorah (candelabrum), shofar (ram's horn), incense shovel, and lulav (palm branch). The Christian vessels are decorated with several types of crosses. The relief designs were produced by blowing molten glass into a mold.\r\n\r\n\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Hexagonal Jug with Handles, 6th-mid 7th century, moulded glass, 4 x 3 1/16 x 2 9/16 in. (10.2 x 7.7 x 6.5 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1204/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1205/canvas.json","label":"Hexagonal Pilgrim's Jar with Jewish Symbol\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1728,"height":1876,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/161/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/afe2e0e43ce5ad13ab8bc4b5d81a46f2.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1728,"height":1876,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/afe2e0e43ce5ad13ab8bc4b5d81a46f2.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1205/canvas.json"}],"description":"These vessels were made for Jews and Christians, possibly as tokens for pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem or for use in burial rites. They appear to have been mass-produced in a single workshop, since the vessels for the two religions closely resemble each other in shape and style and differ only in the symbols decorating them. The Jewish vessels depict the menorah (candelabrum), shofar (ram’s horn), incense shovel, and lulav (palm branch). The Christian vessels are decorated with several types of crosses. The relief designs were produced by blowing molten glass into a mold.\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Hexagonal Pilgrim's Jar with Jewish Symbol, ca. 578-636, mold-blown glass, 3 3/16 × 2 3/4 × 3 1/16 in. (8.1 × 7 × 7.7 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art "}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1205/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1207/canvas.json","label":"Yellow-Green Hexagonal Glass Bottle with a Stylite Saint\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":2492,"height":4000,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/175/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/13b4a1d035856bad5164ff0a400c48d3.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":2492,"height":4000,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/13b4a1d035856bad5164ff0a400c48d3.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1207/canvas.json"}],"description":"The stylite saints depicted on tall glass vessels made in Syria were men who renounced the world and lived atop pillars (styloi). Most renowned was Saint Symeon the Stylite the Elder (389–459), whose pillar on the mountain of Qal‘at Sem‘an, near Antioch, became the center of a large pilgrimage complex. Pilgrims collected dirt from the base of his column.\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Yellow-Green Hexagonal Glass Bottle with a Stylite Saint, mid 5th-7th century, Syria (?), moulded glass, 8 9/16 x 2 1/2 x 2 9/16 in. (21.7 x 6.4 x 6.5 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1207/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1208/canvas.json","label":"Plaque of Saint Simeon\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":513,"height":650,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/180/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/cef106afd2f3d77c88176d9ca2a34935.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":513,"height":650,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/cef106afd2f3d77c88176d9ca2a34935.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1208/canvas.json"}],"description":"This silver plaque is a precious record of the worship of stylite saints in the eastern Mediterranean in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was originally part of the treasure of the church of Ma'arrat an Numan, Syria. The decoration, figured in relief, recalls the origins of stylitism, a form of asceticism whose followers lived atop a pillar. Saint Simeon Stylites the Elder, the founder of this practice, is shown on his column, calm despite the snake that is threatening to attack.\r\n\r\nA Syrian ex-voto plaque\r\nThe Friends of the Louvre purchased this plaque of partially gilded repoussé silver in 1952. It records the rise of certain remarkable forms of Christian worship in late Antiquity. The plaque, dating from the late 6th century, was long thought to be part of a reliquary but recent scholarship suggests it is an ex-voto plaque dedicated to Saint Simeon Stylites, because of the inscription in Greek letters along the bottom of the plaque. The inscription reads \"In thanks to God and to Saint Simeon, I have given.\" Recent research has allowed scholars to site the plaque in its original context and seems to lend support to the hypothesis of its votive function. The plaque was part of the treasure of the church of Ma'arrat an Numan in Syria. The treasure also contained a number of other similar small silver plaques engraved with invocations and dedicatory inscriptions.\r\nSaint Simeon Stylites\r\nUnfortunately, the dedication does not indicate whether the saint in question was Simeon Stylites the Elder, who lived in northern Syria between AD 390 and AD 459, or Simeon Stylites the Younger, inspired by the older saint, whose dates are approximately AD 521-592, and who was worshipped at the Admirable Mountain near Antioch. However, the scene illustrated on the plaque suggests the origins of stylitism (from the Greek stylos, meaning a column), which was a particular form of asceticism whose followers spent their lives sitting atop a pillar. This form of mortification was first practiced in the 5th century by Simeon the Elder, who avoided worldly temptation by living on a high column. The saint is depicted as an elderly, bearded man wearing a loose hooded garment and with a large shell above his head. He is perched atop a column behind a latticed parapet. There is a ladder leaning against the pillar and an opening halfway up it to get in and out. The saint is holding a book and seems plunged in deep thought, calm in the face of the danger of the monstrous serpent that is threatening him. The animal is thought to be a reference to an episode from the life of Saint Simeon the Elder, when a snake came to visit the saint to request his help in treating his sick mate.\r\nThe veneration of the stylite saints\r\nFrom the late 5th century, the veneration of Simeon became extremely popular in Syria and throughout the eastern Mediterranean region. The rise of Syrian monasticism was probably encouraged by the tensions then apparent within the Eastern church. The shrine that sprang up around the saint's pillar in Qalaat Seman, not far from Aleppo, became one of the major sites of Christian pilgrimage until the 7th century. Many disciples followed the saint's example, among them Daniel Stylites (d. AD 493), who brought the movement to Constantinople. Although stylite monks lived as hermits atop their pillars, they were surrounded by a community of disciples who brought them food. When they were not praying, they welcomed pilgrims, preached to the crowds below, exorcised the afflicted, and performed miraculous cures.","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Plaque of Saint Simeon, end of 6th century, Syria, silver partially gilded, 29.6 x 25.5 cm"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1208/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/canvas.json","label":"pilgrim token\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1000,"height":865,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/181/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/7f3f8dc7afe4f72ea7f8588b1339664c.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":852,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/7f3f8dc7afe4f72ea7f8588b1339664c.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/canvas.json"},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/182/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/91be3e3bbf36a6c7659509ac39308af6.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":829,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/91be3e3bbf36a6c7659509ac39308af6.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/canvas.json"},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/183/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3d6aa95bb3c173fc0192ba1e8cc55e1a.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":735,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3d6aa95bb3c173fc0192ba1e8cc55e1a.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/canvas.json"},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/184/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e2148ec20f2db89137c218c1607c2cf3.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":865,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e2148ec20f2db89137c218c1607c2cf3.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/canvas.json"},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/185/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3296d0456ed9a97951caa2b6fb874225.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":851,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/3296d0456ed9a97951caa2b6fb874225.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/canvas.json"}],"description":"Pilgrim-token; terracotta; medallion depicting on one side the Nativity, the Virgin on the left.\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Pilgrim token, 6th-7th c, terracotta, 17 mm diameter, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1209/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1210/canvas.json","label":"Pilgrim token ","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1000,"height":863,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/186/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/fc1385d1965972bda83ab25820057583.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1000,"height":863,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/fc1385d1965972bda83ab25820057583.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1210/canvas.json"}],"metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"Pilgrim token, 6th-7th c, Syria, terracotta, 29 mm diameter, British Museum"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1210/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1211/canvas.json","label":"A Model of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1600,"height":1200,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/187/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f3b2a522c9f01adce170939dbe8b4abb.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1600,"height":1200,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f3b2a522c9f01adce170939dbe8b4abb.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1211/canvas.json"}],"description":"Still standing in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher enshrines the reputed sites of Jesus’s crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection. In the 17th century, Middle Eastern craftsmen—working in Franciscan monasteries in the Holy Land—produced wooden models of the church, as gifts for European rulers and as prized souvenirs for wealthy pilgrims to this holiest site in Christendom. (Today several denominations share control over the church itself.) Only about thirty such wooden models are known, made in different sizes and with varying degrees of refinement. Large versions like this one could be disassembled to allow one to explore the interior.\r\n","metadata":[{"label":"Subject","value":"A Model of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, late 17th or early 18th century, olive wood inlaid with mother-of-pearl and bone, 49 cm wide x 58 cm deep x 29.5 cm high, Boston Museum of Fine Arts"}],"otherContent":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1211/annolist.json","@type":"sc:AnnotationList"}]},{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1212/canvas.json","label":"Pilgrim's Ampulla with (Symbolic) Crucifixion and Marys at the Tomb\r\n","@type":"sc:Canvas","width":1992,"height":1800,"images":[{"@id":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/files/188/anno.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@type":"oa:Annotation","resource":{"@id":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/b4e0c74049c9c5de6ad9c5aae77eb6f0.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","width":1992,"height":1800,"service":{"@id":"https://iiif.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/loris/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/b4e0c74049c9c5de6ad9c5aae77eb6f0.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json"}},"on":"https://haaimagehosting.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/oa/items/1212/canvas.json"}],"description":"According to the inscription on this lead vial or ampulla, it contained oil from the wood of the true cross, obtained from the Holy Land. At the sites of sacred events, pilgrims could acquire “eulogiae,” literally “blessings,” in the form of tokens or cloth or oils that they believed shared in the sacred power of the Holy Sites and relics themselves. The Dumbarton Oaks ampulla shows the crucifixion on one side, and Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James carrying spices to Christ’s tomb on the other. In both images, the illustrations deviate from the Gospel accounts. Some Biblical details are selected and then mixed with aspects of the holy site as it would have appeared to a pilgrim hundreds of years later. So, in the case of the crucifixion, while there are details from the Gospels, such as the two thieves being crucified on either side, we do not see Christ’s body on the cross, but rather an emblematic cross surmounted by a bust of Christ. In fact, we know from pilgrims’ descriptions that this is what pilgrims would have seen in the basilica erected by Constantine over the traditional site of the crucifixion. In the case of the Marys at the tomb, the tomb is depicted, not as a cave, as it is described in the Gospels, but as a small porticoed shrine with grilles in front. This is what was visible in the Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis) in Jerusalem as it developed into a pilgrimage site. The shrine is surrounded by columns, and set under a row of windows, representing the windows around the bottom of the dome that rose over the sacred spot. So, these images, like those on other mementos of the Holy Land overlay Biblical details with aspects of the pilgrim’s visit, allowing the faithful to map his or her own experience onto sacred history. \r\nJ. 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