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Both sides of this terracotta ampulla (pilgrim flask) are decorated with the same scene in relief: Saint Menas in prayer, flanked by two kneeling camels within a circular border of dots or studs. The saint stands frontally, arms held open; the long folds of his cloak are visible as vertical lines on either side of his body; there may be crosses depicted in the space on either side of his head. The body of the flask was created with a two-piece mold; the handles were made separately and attached before firing. The relief is worn and difficult to read; there is some discoloration on the vessel, particularly on the raised details.&#13;
&#13;
Commentary&#13;
Flasks bearing images of Saint Menas are not uncommon in Egypt. Menas was a Roman soldier who was martyred; veneration of him as a saint centered on an oasis near Alexandria. On better-preserved ampullae bearing the same scene, the details of Menas' clothing (tunic, boots, and cloak, perhaps in the style of the later Roman military) are much clearer; the border type varies between the dot/stud motif and chevrons. Some examples bear inscriptions or depictions of crosses above the saint's arms.</text>
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The subject of this poem was the First Crusade. It served as a subject for numerous artists across multiple media throughout the subsequent centuries.","metadata":[{"label":"Date","value":"17th century"},{"label":"Type","value":"Drawing"},{"label":"Title","value":"The Combat between Tancred and Clorinda"},{"label":"Artist","value":"Laurent de La Hyre"},{"label":"Place of Creation","value":"France"},{"label":"Location","value":"Harvard Art Museums"}],"width":1024,"height":733},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3463.9","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The Alexiad of Anna Komnene","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/annotation/3463.9","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2311%2Fb8c2a2c71654b2416f0552e780728a6e.png/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2311%2Fb8c2a2c71654b2416f0552e780728a6e.png","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/png","width":1548,"height":1791},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3463.9"}],"description":"The Alexiad was written c. 1148 by Byzantine Princess Anna Komnene. It is a historical text detailing the political and military life of her father, Alexios I, including his interactions with the crusades. This image is of fol. 1r, but the entire manuscript can be seen here: http://mss.bmlonline.it/s.aspx?Id=AWOItwHyI1A4r7GxMMRx&amp;c=Alexias%20historia%20filii%20Alexii%20rom.%20imp#/book","metadata":[{"label":"Date","value":"c. 12th century"},{"label":"Type","value":"Manuscript"},{"label":"Author","value":"Anna Komnene"},{"label":"Title","value":"The Alexiad"},{"label":"Location","value":"Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana"},{"label":"Language","value":"Greek"}],"width":1548,"height":1791},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3458.10","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The Nine Worthies at K\u00f6lner Rathaus","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/annotation/3458.10","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2306%2F8fdea0e0dfbb1e72b336d018d0cfa27a.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2306%2F8fdea0e0dfbb1e72b336d018d0cfa27a.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":1500,"height":649},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3458.10"}],"description":"These carved wooden figures at the city hall in Cologne, Germany represent the \"nine worthies\" a group of nine historical, biblical, and literary figures who personified ideas of chivalry in the Middle Ages. These nine figures were divided into three groups of three: Christians (King Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of Bouillon), Pagans (Hector, Alexander the Great, and Julius Caesar), and Jewish (Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabeus). Godfrey, known for his participation in the crusades, is third from the left with a dog at his feet.","metadata":[{"label":"Date","value":"13th century"},{"label":"Location","value":"City Hall, Cologne"},{"label":"Material","value":"Wood"}],"width":1500,"height":649},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3461.11","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Detail of Godfrey and Charlemagne","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/annotation/3461.11","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2309%2Fd994ca6957ea6b23860bb6dcd96f1316.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2309%2Fd994ca6957ea6b23860bb6dcd96f1316.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":337,"height":524},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3461.11"}],"description":"Here is a detail of Godfrey (at right, with his sword and dog) with another one of the Christian worthies, Charlemagne.","metadata":[{"label":"Date","value":"13th century"},{"label":"Material","value":"Wood"},{"label":"Location","value":"City Hall, Cologne"}],"width":337,"height":524},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3460.12","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Map of the Holy Land","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/annotation/3460.12","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2308%2F065af110c59c443a8051e8d765487f36.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2308%2F065af110c59c443a8051e8d765487f36.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":1600,"height":1378},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3460.12"}],"description":"This map of the Holy Land appears in Matthew Paris' Chronica Majora vol. 1, written and illustrated by Paris.\n\nYou can see the full manuscript here: https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/catalog/rf352tc5448","metadata":[{"label":"Date","value":"c. 1240-53"},{"label":"Creator","value":"Matthew Paris"},{"label":"Format","value":"Manuscript"},{"label":"Place of Creation","value":"Saint Albans"},{"label":"Location","value":"Corpus Christi College, Cambridge"},{"label":"Label","value":"10.\tCambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 026: Matthew Paris OSB"}],"width":1600,"height":1378},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3459.13","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Reliquary of the True Cross","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/annotation/3459.13","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2307%2F8458cb480ad56a23910f01865bc1a4a2.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2307%2F8458cb480ad56a23910f01865bc1a4a2.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":2675,"height":3400},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/378/canvas/3459.13"}],"description":"The cross in this panel comes from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, while the panel into which the cross has been set comes from the Rhine-Meuse region. The Latin inscription reads: \"You who ask about the cross: read! The heir of Judas the priest/Stole it. But when, after boarding a ship,/He sought a mild breeze, a fierce storm opposed the sorry sailors./Out of his mind, he gnawed at his own hands./In the end the blessed Virgin spoke thus to him:/\u2018You shall soon be well, if you seek to return what was stolen.\u2019/ He pays back this debt to the brothers of the Temple . . . When he died, they cast him overboard, and the storm subsided./Happy they arrive at Brindisi, quiet they have returned with the cross,/Which resides beautiful in this handsome panel. 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