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                <text>Missorium of Theodosius I, 388, Roman, silver and silver gilt, diam: 74 cm, weight: 15.35 kg, Madrid, Academia de la Historia. </text>
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                <text>Missorium of Theodosius I, 388, Roman, silver and silver gilt, diam: 74 cm, weight: 15.35 kg, Madrid, Academia de la Historia. &#13;
&#13;
This silver dish, most likely made in Constantinople, was meant to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Theodosius I’s (r. 379-95) reign and would have been given as a gift to a member of his court or a civil or military officer as part of the ceremonial largitio (largess, giving of gifts). Other similar objects of this type have also been found. The dish depicts the seated emperor, flanked by his co-emperors, Valentinian II and Arcadius, as well as members of the imperial guard. Winged erotes (putti) offer gifts to the emperor. Below the emperor is a depiction of Tellus, the Roman earth goddess along with other mythological figures. An inscription on the ring at the base reads, in Greek: ποc ↑Ν ΜεΤ:  ποσότης λιτρῶν 50 μετάλλου (“50 metal pounds”). This unit of measure corresponds to 16.13 kg of silver, slightly more than the official weight of 15.35 kg, but this difference has been attributed to the possibility that the silver was weighted before the dish was decorated as well as the fact that there is a piece missing. The dish itself was found folded flat along the diagonal cut in 1847 in Almendralejo in Spain. &#13;
&#13;
Inscription:&#13;
D(ominus) N(oster) THEODOSIVS PERPET(uus)AVG(ustus)OB DIEM FELICISSIMVM X &#13;
 “Our Lord Theodosius, perpetual emperor, on the happiest occasion of the tenth anniversary [of his reign].” </text>
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                <text>https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/theodosius-missorium</text>
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                <text>Mithras Slaying the Bull (Tauroctony) from the London Mithraeum, late 2nd – early 3rd c, Roman, London, marble, 43.2 x 50.8 cm, London, Museum of London. </text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “This marble sculpture is from the Temple of Mithras which once stood in the City. It shows Mithras plunging his dagger into the neck of a bull from whose blood sprang everlasting life. The inscription reads 'Ulpius Silvanus, initiated into a Mithraic grade at Orange, France, paid his vow to Mithras'. This could indicate that Silvanus built the temple in London. Mithras was originally a god from Iran. His cult was adopted in Rome and travelled the Empire with the army. Only men could become members.”</text>
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D\u00fcrer, Knight, Death,  and the Devil","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3442.8","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2291%2Fd9069b8447361a421cf794cfd42c6310.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2291%2Fd9069b8447361a421cf794cfd42c6310.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":805,"height":1024},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3442.8"}],"description":"Albrecht D\u00fcrer, German (Nuremberg 1471 - 1528 Nuremberg), \nKnight, Death, and the Devil. Print, 1513. \n\nHarvard Art Museums, G1112","width":805,"height":1024},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3436.9","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Richard and Saladin","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3436.9","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2285%2Fc850f1112c6e406a757d5e6c55789d72.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2285%2Fc850f1112c6e406a757d5e6c55789d72.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":2500,"height":1598},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3436.9"}],"description":"Earthenware floor-tiles, lead-glazed with inlaid slip decoration. Four quarter tiles making up a circular picture; six surviving fragments; representation of Saladin (Salah al-Din) on horseback, in combat with his adversary Richard I (Coeur de Lion). Made in Chertsey, Surrey, 13th century. Now part of the Collections of the British Museum, 1885,1113.9065-9070","width":2500,"height":1598},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3437.10","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The Crusaders Reach Jerusalem (from a set of Scenes from Gerusalemme Liberata) designed ca. 1689\u201393, woven 1732\u201339, MET","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3437.10","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2286%2F5c1d5c7eadc7772846e9b41cd0461c09.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2286%2F5c1d5c7eadc7772846e9b41cd0461c09.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":4000,"height":2513},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3437.10"}],"description":"Commissioned by Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, a great-nephew of Pope Alexander VIII, this was part of a massive series, heroic in scale as well as narrative, of fifteen tapestries depicting the romanticized version of the Christians\u2019 First Crusade into Jerusalem recounted in Tasso\u2019s sixteenth-century epic poem, Gerusalemme Liberata (Jerusalem Delivered).\n\nAs the crusaders reach the city of Jerusalem, two of the Christian leaders kneel in the foreground, both in Classical armor with garments of red, blue and yellow. The younger man is presumably Godfrey of Bouillon. Other mounted men in gray armor are seen behind. Rising in the background on the right are the walls of Jerusalem.\nThis exquisite tapestry, made of silk and wool,  was designed by Domenico Paradisi (Italian, active 1689\u20131721) and manufactured at the San Michele workshop in Italy. MET, 92.1.15","width":4000,"height":2513},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3433.11","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The Shroud of Saint-Josse, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3433.11","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2282%2F7dfa6b8b53ffed990c134e5f08645e7e.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2282%2F7dfa6b8b53ffed990c134e5f08645e7e.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":1185,"height":723},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3433.11"}],"description":"The Shroud of Saint-Josse, now in the collections of the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, is a silk samite saddle cloth that was woven in northeastern Iran for Abu Mansur Bakhtegin, some time before 961. \nWhen the precious textile was brought back from the First Crusade by \u00c9tienne de Blois it  was dedicated as a votive gift at the Abbey of Saint-Josse, near Boulogne. In its new surroundings the 10th-century Islamic textile was was used to wrap the remains of Saint Josse, a 7th-century saint from Brittany, France.","width":1185,"height":723},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3434.12","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Melisende Psalter, c. 1131\u201343, Eastern Mediterranean, now part of the Collections of the British Library","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3434.12","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2283%2Fb9a8b84c03aa2dcdc35a07eb8999413d.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2283%2Fb9a8b84c03aa2dcdc35a07eb8999413d.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":2000,"height":1635},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3434.12"}],"description":"The most important patron of the arts in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was the half-Armenian Queen Melisende. Melisende (1105\u2013c. 1160) and her husband, Fulk V of Anjou, became joint rulers of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1131. However within a year she and her husband were at war \u2013 which Melisende and her supporters won. Thereafter she became a great patron of the arts, founding an abbey at Bethany and commissioning this magnificent psalter. From details within the psalter we know its place of origin to be the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, and we can also date it fairly accurately between 1131 and 1143.\nWhat is the importance of the Melisende Psalter in the history of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem? Do the iconography and style of the Psalter look western?","width":2000,"height":1635},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3438.13","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Saladin, TV series, Malaysia","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3438.13","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2287%2F1e100f35a7a93ad6aa52c0c5815f8ae3.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2287%2F1e100f35a7a93ad6aa52c0c5815f8ae3.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":1600,"height":1200},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3438.13"}],"description":"Saladin (Arabic: \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u1e62al\u0101\u1e25 ad-D\u012bn) is an animated television series inspired by the life of Salah Al-Din Yusuf Ibni Ayub, the Islamic hero who united Muslims in their fight against the Crusaders in the 12th century. The series depicts adventures during a fictional time in Saladin's life as a young man.\nThe series was conceived and produced by the Multimedia Development Corporation in Malaysia.","width":1600,"height":1200},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3439.14","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"alexander-nevsky-movie-poster","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3439.14","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2288%2F6c4e3eb91d1c0cb0f459b5012519f568.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2288%2F6c4e3eb91d1c0cb0f459b5012519f568.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":580,"height":715},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3439.14"}],"description":"The film, released in 1938, retells the story of the fight between the Teutonic Order and the people of Novgorod led by 20-year old Prince Alexander Nevsky in 1242. The event was directed by Sergei Eisenstein. The music score was written by Sergei Prokoviev. \nThe film became an instant box office success.","width":580,"height":715},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3431.15","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The Crown of Thorns carried by Archbishop Michel Aupetit of Paris, April 2020","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3431.15","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2280%2F122a1614fc408a59c7f264f0e9bac776.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2280%2F122a1614fc408a59c7f264f0e9bac776.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":862,"height":485},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3431.15"}],"description":"Nearly one year after a fire ravaged the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the city\u2019s archbishop briefly returned to the cathedral its most prized relic, the Crown of Thorns, on Good Friday, the day in which Catholics commemorate Jesus\u2019s suffering and death.\n\nWhat is the connection between the Crown of Thorns, the relics of the Passion, Notre Dame, Sainte Chapelle, and King Louis IX of France?","width":862,"height":485},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3418.16","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The fortified city of Mystras, Peloponnese, Greece, 13th century","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3418.16","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2270%2F9e1eb1acff81b2351ca8bbc1ba2ffc5e.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2270%2F9e1eb1acff81b2351ca8bbc1ba2ffc5e.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":644,"height":1024},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3418.16"}],"description":"Mystras was a major late medieval fortified city in the Peloponnese, Greece, founded in the 13th century. The site became the seat of the Latin Principality of Achaea following the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders in 1204. In 1259, the city's Latin Lord, William II Villehardhouin, was captured on the battlefield of Pelagonia by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, who set him free in exchange for the castles of Monemvasia and Mystras. Palaces, churches with magnificent frescoes, and private houses, reflect power, wealth, and artistic exchange between Byzantine East and Latin West.","metadata":[{"label":"1252","value":""},{"label":"Mint of Acre","value":""},{"label":"SIlver dirham","value":""},{"label":"BN","value":""},{"label":"BN","value":""},{"label":"BN","value":""},{"label":"Dimensions","value":""}],"width":644,"height":1024},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3440.17","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"The Freer Canteen, 13th century","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3440.17","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2289%2Fcb3314b6b64cd0440f2bcd1366a62c52.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2289%2Fcb3314b6b64cd0440f2bcd1366a62c52.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":5250,"height":4896},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3440.17"}],"description":"This large, impressive canteen, the only known example of its kind from the Islamic world, was created in Mosul (now in Iraq) in the mid-13th century during the Ayyubid period. The canteen recalls the shape of ceramic pilgrim flasks.  Its inlaid silver decoration combines calligraphy and decorative motifs, such as intricate geometric designs, and lively animal scrolls, with Christian imagery.  These include a representation of the Virgin and Child in the center, surrounded by narrative scenes from the life of Christ as well as saints and knights.\n\nWhat kind of encounters does this canteen evoke?","width":5250,"height":4896},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3432.18","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"13th-century amphora\u00a0with confronted hybrid figures from Al-Mina, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3432.18","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2281%2F0dda7793e73052f42a2c4d2311f843a7.jpg/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2281%2F0dda7793e73052f42a2c4d2311f843a7.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":236,"height":352},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3432.18"}],"description":"The amphora was made in Port Saint Symeon, in the Frankish principality of Antioch, shortly before the sack of the city by the Mamluks in 1268.\u00a0It features incised decoration, highlighted with malachite green and manganese brown. On the body of this piece, the artist has depicted hybrid creatures with leopards\u2019 bodies, human heads and crescent-shaped wings. This is an example of the sphinx iconography that may be found on numerous Islamic ceramic pieces. Bur\u0101q, the mythical animal that served as the Prophet Muhammad\u2019s mount during his night journey (the Mi\u02bfr\u0101j), heraldic, royal and astrological representations are also part of the iconographical repertoire of amphorae from Al-Mina.","metadata":[{"label":"13th century","value":""},{"label":"Pottery","value":""},{"label":"Format","value":""},{"label":"Source","value":""},{"label":"Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection","value":""},{"label":"Creator","value":""},{"label":"Dimensions","value":""}],"width":236,"height":352},{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3443.19","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Model of the Holy Sepulcher, 17th or 18th century, Probably Jerusalem, possibly Bethlehem","images":[{"@id":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/annotation/3443.19","@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2292%2F5fba2d81ca1458bde18bcb5e4b067cbd.jpg/full/1024,/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@id":"https://loris.tlt.harvard.edu/loris/atg-media-management-api-prod%2Fprod%2Fimages%2F2292%2F5fba2d81ca1458bde18bcb5e4b067cbd.jpg","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":1600,"height":1200},"on":"https://media-management-api.tlt.harvard.edu/api/iiif/manifest/370/canvas/3443.19"}],"description":"A scale model of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. The model consists of 16 separate pieces that can be disassembled.\nOlive wood inlaid with mother-of-pearl and bone.\n\nStill standing in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher enshrines the reputed sites of Jesus\u2019s crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection. In the 17th century, Middle Eastern craftsmen\u2014working in Franciscan monasteries in the Holy Land\u2014produced wooden models of the church, as gifts for European rulers and as prized souvenirs for wealthy pilgrims to this holiest site in Christendom.\nMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2016.91","width":1600,"height":1200}]}]}</text>
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                <text>A scale model of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. The model consists of 16 separate pieces that can be disassembled.
Olive wood inlaid with mother-of-pearl and bone.

Still standing in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher enshrines the reputed sites of Jesus’s crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection. In the 17th century, Middle Eastern craftsmen—working in Franciscan monasteries in the Holy Land—produced wooden models of the church, as gifts for European rulers and as prized souvenirs for wealthy pilgrims to this holiest site in Christendom.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2016.91</text>
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                <text>Mosaic Inscription in square frame (from Synagogue, Main Hall, Bay 4): Votive (Building/renovation?) Inscription by Samoes, priest&#13;
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Mosaic inscription in a square frame.&#13;
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INSCRIPTION TYPE&#13;
Religious Inscription&#13;
&#13;
INSCRIPTION LANGUAGE&#13;
Greek&#13;
&#13;
INSCRIPTION TEXT&#13;
		   Εὐχὴ&#13;
		[Σ]α̣μοῆ ἱε-&#13;
		[ρ]έω̣ς κὲ σο-&#13;
	4	φοδιδασ-&#13;
		   κάλου.&#13;
&#13;
INSCRIPTION TRANSLATION&#13;
“Vow of Samoés, Priest and Teacher of wisdom” (Kroll, who has “of Samoé”).&#13;
&#13;
COMMENTS&#13;
2 Σαμοῆ seems to be the genitive of Σαμο(υ)ῆς, a by-form of Σαμουῆλ (Ameling; see also Kroll’s commentary).&#13;
2–3 ἱε/[ρ]έω̣ς: my reading from the photograph; ἱε/ρέος, edd. The dedicant was “a descendant of the priesthood that anciently served in the Temple of Jerusalem”; they “were accorded the privileges of pronouncing certain benedictions during services and as preferred readers of the Torah” (Kroll; see Ameling, pp. 158–59).&#13;
3–5 σοφοδιδάσκαλος is a hapax legomenon: probably virtually identical with the known function of a νομοδιδάσκαλος (Ameling).&#13;
The mosaic bearing the inscription was a “late intrusion into the surrounding mosaic,” and it is generally assumed that the vow was “connected with the construction that was supported on the four stone bases that were set into the floor around the inscription” (Kroll). See Kroll’s and Ameling’s commentaries with further references.</text>
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