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                <text>Alexamenos Grafitto, Palatine Museum, Rome&#13;
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                <text>c. 200 CE&#13;
The inscription, in Greek, reads: “Alexamenos worships [his] god.” This scratched grafitto was originally on a wall near the Palatine hill and is now in the Palatine museum. The image shows a man standing next to  a donkey-headed figure on a cross, and has been interpreted as mocking a Christian named Alexamenos. &#13;
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                <text>3rd-4th century&#13;
A nude Christ is shown at his crucifixion, surrounded by the twelve apostles (six on each side). The gem was found in Romania. The Inscription is in Greek and is a heavily truncated [ιχθ]ΥC, which is, itself, a truncation of Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς Θεοῦ Υἱὸς Σωτήρ, ‘Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior.’&#13;
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                <text>Funerary Stele of Licinia Amias, found near the Vatican Necropolis in Rome, now at the National Roman Museum&#13;
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                <text>Early 3rd century&#13;
Marble stele. Top tier: D M (Diis Manibus: to the spirits of the dead) on either side of a wreath. Second tier (in Greek): ΙΧΘΥC ΖΩΝΤΩΝ (Fish of the living). Third tier, two fish and an anchor. Bottom tier (once again in Latin): LICINIAE AMIATI BE/NEMERENTI VIXIT (Licinia Amias well-deserving lived…).&#13;
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                <text>Front of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Vatican Museums&#13;
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                <text>Pre-359 CE&#13;
Top: Sacrifice of Isaac, Judgement/Arrest of Peter, Traditio Legis, Trial of Jesus before Pilate, Pilate washing his hands. Bottom: Job on the dunghill, Adam and Eve, Christ’s entry into Jerusalem, Daniel in the lion’s den, Arrest of Paul. In miniature in the spandrels: Miracle of the loaves and fishes, baptism of Jesus, the youths in the fiery furnace (?), Raising of Lazarus (?), and Moses receiving the tablets (?)&#13;
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                <text>c. 320-50&#13;
Central clipeus showing portraits of the deceased couple, the man holds a rotulus. Upper register: Three bearded figures representing the Trinity. The smaller figures are Eve who is in the process of being created from the rib of Adam (lying on the ground). Beardless Christ between a second depiction of Adam and Eve. The Marriage at Cana. The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, the Raising of Lazarus. Lower register: Enthroned Virgin and Child with the adoration of the Magi (three men, Phrygian caps), Christ healing the Blind, Daniel in the Lion’s Den (central, nude figure), Habakkuk with the loaves and an angel,  the arrest of Peter (with two soldiers), either Moses or Peter creating a spring of water. &#13;
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                <text>Necklace with Pendant of Aphrodite Anadyomene&#13;
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                <text>Early Byzantine&#13;
early 7th century&#13;
43.2 x 20.3 x 1.9 cm (17 x 8 x 3/4 in.)&#13;
gold and lapis lazuli&#13;
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                <text>Standing in a blue shell, Aphrodite Anadyomene wrings seawater from her hair. The pose was well known in antiquity, referring to the goddess’s birth from the sea, of which the deep blue color of the lapis lazuli is a visual metaphor. The harmony of references—pose, shell, deep blue color, and the sea pearls on the short chains—displays the jeweler’s ability to adapt a venerated mythological image to the luxury materials of elite taste during the early Byzantine period. &#13;
&#13;
The delight and fascination with exquisitely crafted jewelry were undiminished at the end of late antiquity, and the appreciation of Greco-Roman mythology, even the most lascivious of all its goddesses, continued well after the Byzantine Empire had become an officially Christian society. Aphrodite’s fame as the goddess of beauty and physical desire are expressed by her seminudity and enhanced through the precious gold, lapis lazuli, and pearls of the necklace. Yet it might have been a magical property of the image that accounted for the figure’s allure. Amulets and charms, whether costly or cheap, had been worn for centuries as effective means of personal protection or for controlling the actions or emotions of other people. This elegant necklace may have been such an amulet (apotropaion), either against pervasive malevolent spirits or as a charm to grant an erotic wish. &#13;
&#13;
S. Zwirn&#13;
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7th century&#13;
8.9 x 8 x 3.8 cm (3 1/2 x 3 1/8 x 1 1/2 in.)&#13;
gold&#13;
BZ.1938.66&#13;
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                <text>Images of wild animals were often used on jewelry and regalia in the ancient world. They could symbolize the wearer’s strength or character or connote status within a group, whether within a ruling elite, a religious cult, or a social status. This elaborate bracelet with elegant leopards may have signaled one of the latter categories. &#13;
&#13;
Pairs of standing or leaping leopards are a widespread motif in Roman art. The leopards were frequently placed symmetrically to either side of a krater, a bowl for mixing wine with water. In this context they connected Dionysos, the god of wine, to the triumphant hero Dionysos, who conquered India, symbolized by the leopards. Alternately, the dazzling bracelet may have evoked Dionysos for his connections to marriage, religious rites, or eternal life, in that he was considered to be a god of salvation. &#13;
&#13;
The bracelet may be connected to similarly-designed jewelry. An outstanding example is a fourth-century gold ring with leopards supporting a gemstone carved with a personification of Victory, now in the Walters Art Museum (accession no. 57-1114). The ring probably served as an insignium of office, which suggests a possible function for this unique bracelet. As for its date, the motif of confronted leopards was found on works of art from the first century onwards, while pairs of other confronted animals appear on jewelry mainly in the fourth and fifth century, supporting a late Roman date for the bracelet. &#13;
&#13;
The natural movement of the leopards is incorporated into the design. The leopards support an openwork platform with a high bezel, which perhaps originally held a large cabochon gemstone. The forepaws of the leopards are attached to the platform by hinges which can pivot open when the pin at the base of the leopards’ feet was removed. The sophisticated construction of this unparalleled bracelet is as ingenious as it is elegant. &#13;
S. Zwirn</text>
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