41 10 972 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/0ce701b96f1777b2d9b713c72593c106.jpg e3895251e1cb252b5a873cb8292ee604 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mosaic Inscription in tabula ansata: Building Inscription for Portico under Flavius Maionios (3) IIIF Item Metadata UUID 757a9fa7-7d9a-4232-bfcf-e6aaed8ce1b2 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/b737f7d3053e0770476f3e20a3eb7cc0.jpg 1e54125cda51559567f5d87923a7b0fd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mosaic Inscription in square frame (from Synagogue, Main Hall, Bay 4): Votive (Building/renovation?) Inscription by Samoes, priest Subject The topic of the resource Mosaic inscription in square frame, Sardis, mosaic, 0.9 x 0.9 m Description An account of the resource DESCRIPTION Mosaic inscription in a square frame. INSCRIPTION TYPE Religious Inscription INSCRIPTION LANGUAGE Greek INSCRIPTION TEXT Εὐχὴ [Σ]α̣μοῆ ἱε- [ρ]έω̣ς κὲ σο- 4 φοδιδασ- κάλου. INSCRIPTION TRANSLATION “Vow of Samoés, Priest and Teacher of wisdom” (Kroll, who has “of Samoé”). COMMENTS 2 Σαμοῆ seems to be the genitive of Σαμο(υ)ῆς, a by-form of Σαμουῆλ (Ameling; see also Kroll’s commentary). 2–3 ἱε/[ρ]έω̣ς: my reading from the photograph; ἱε/ρέος, edd. The dedicant was “a descendant of the priesthood that anciently served in the Temple of Jerusalem”; they “were accorded the privileges of pronouncing certain benedictions during services and as preferred readers of the Torah” (Kroll; see Ameling, pp. 158–59). 3–5 σοφοδιδάσκαλος is a hapax legomenon: probably virtually identical with the known function of a νομοδιδάσκαλος (Ameling). The mosaic bearing the inscription was a “late intrusion into the surrounding mosaic,” and it is generally assumed that the vow was “connected with the construction that was supported on the four stone bases that were set into the floor around the inscription” (Kroll). See Kroll’s and Ameling’s commentaries with further references. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 20b188c4-9c1a-40e0-b9af-446162204a97 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/f62c23b68d802ec2fe424798e9587e41.jpg 24f2a25ee5c880330a4bc6d3cb55dbd6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Marble head of bearded man Subject The topic of the resource Marble head of bearded man, Sardis, 3rd - 5th century AD, marble, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum Description An account of the resource DESCRIPTION Head broken at neck. Framing the forehead “are three separate masses of hair…one in the center made up of two separate tiers, and two at the sides.…The forehead is plastically modeled with two horizontal bony masses.…Upon the surface are incised horizontal furrows, both in the center of the forehead, and just over the eyebrows.” Eyebrows are prominent. Of the eyes, “the pupil is a drilled pendent arc, the iris incised.” Under the eyes are pouches; and at each corner incised crow’s feet. Cheek folds terminate in crisp lines that extend from outer nostrils to outer mustache. The mustache is “heavy” and “curved,…neatly trimmed to follow the edge of the overhanging upper lip. Above the center of the lip the mustache is parted, leaving a small triangular bare spot.”…There is a short growth of beard under the lower lip, and then a bare area, before the voluminous thick curls of the chin. Here the beard falls in two tiers, one on the forward chin and one from underneath the jaw. Most of the curls are short. Deep drilling is used in the hair framing the brow and in the beard; and in both places there are ‘bridges’ or ‘hair struts.’ “The ears have a large opening and are deeply drilled.” Behind the masses of hair that frame the brow, the hair surface is unfinished: over the top and back of the head it is smoothly chiseled, and two rows of curls at the back of the neck are roughly defined. Just behind the central mass of hair over the brow are three incised letters in Greek: Χ Μ Γ. (Quotations are from Ramage in Hanfmann and Ramage 1978, 100). Preserved height 0.30 m. COMMENTS The head was recovered resting face down in debris, which was evidently bedding for a Byzantine road of the seventh century AD or later; it probably belongs to a full statue. Features of the face and beard suggested to E. Wueste (unpublished MA thesis, University of California at Berkeley) that the statue probably represented an intellectual rather than an administrative official. The three letters, located on the unfinished top of the head and behind the crest of the central hair mass, would not have been visible from the front of the statue; they are an acronym, which signifies Christ born of Mary, and may refer to the Christian persuasion of either the sculptor or the subject. (The letters are not cited in Hanfmann and Ramage 1978 and earlier publications; after publication, their significance was queried by Manisa Museum Director H. Dedeoğlu.) IIIF Item Metadata UUID 2c73ef6a-efd2-4112-85bb-d21edda7e38d https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/6d593c3331a3bf917c7d1ac16628a486.jpg 179b29d4dd414c3ea3acfa025bf079f0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flask Subject The topic of the resource Flask, Sardis, late 5th - 6th century, ceramic, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum Description An account of the resource DESCRIPTION Large lentoid flask. Two handles from shoulder to neck. Mold made in two pieces; wheel-made neck and handles added separately. Decoration in relief on two sides. Side A: cross within circle, with two hares below, one resting forelegs on cross, the other on the enclosing circle, reaching up to eat branches. Side B: two facing geese eating grapes, framed with zig-zags. Preserved height 0.24 m, diameter of body 0.187 m, thickness of flask (back to front) 0.095 m. COMMENTS From Byzantine Shop E5 (cf. No. 220). This same shop contained the bronze lamp in the form of a lion, No. 223. Like the plate No. 220 and incense shovel No. 222, the cross on the flask emphasizes its association with Christian practice. This is an unusually large version of a well-known type of small flask or ampulla that was carried by pilgrims and other travelers in Late Antiquity. Written sources mention the protective power of their contents — sanctified earth, oil, or water—as well as the images impressed on their sides. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 8db1bc0a-03c5-454e-a190-c7d9fa8ebe42 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/793df5e01bfd522194ef2d5a3133cc8d.jpg 17c7d33b198283fa46954d14d73d4b43 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flask (2) IIIF Item Metadata UUID 2cb6536a-86a1-4711-8848-8725ad406f16 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/4a8bf696329e90f15e0446192b33c8b3.jpg 5dc3784cd42f17414a8fc81146983f56 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incense shovel with cross Subject The topic of the resource Incense shovel with cross, Sardis, 5th-7th century, bronze/copper alloy, 0.085 x 0.140 m, Manisa, Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum Description An account of the resource DESCRIPTION Rectangular bronze scoop, with socket on back for a handle. On the sides are two dolphins with arching tails attached to the scoop by rods round in section. Rising from the tails of the dolphins is an arch framing a cross, forming the back of the scoop. Scoop, arch, and cross are decorated with small dotted circles. COMMENTS Dolphins were a favorite theme of artists throughout antiquity, and may have been seen as a kind of fish with a symbolic connection with Christianity; the dotted circles were thought to have protective properties in later Roman times. The incense shovel was discovered in a room with two bronze incense burners, and could have been used in the home or elsewhere for special liturgical purposes. Found in the first year of renewed excavations at Sardis in 1958, this and other bronze objects found in this late-Roman house gave a name to this excavation sector, the “House of Bronzes” or “HoB.” Deeper excavation in this sector recovered many of the Lydian objects in this exhibition. IIIF Item Metadata UUID a85cba49-f064-4c5e-8b98-288bf80e5976 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/e6519faadd6bfb7814159c7ade0f866f.jpg d18ae756ce2c3f759f8e0884779c2139 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b IIIF Item Metadata UUID 1aed8d9b-9f06-42e7-983b-31e2c1f46000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Church M at Sardis Subject The topic of the resource Church M at Sardis, 4th century mortuary chapel, built in the location of the Temple of Artemis Description An account of the resource Introduction The small brick-and-rubble building located near the southeast corner of the Temple of Artemis is known as Church M. The structure was probably set up in the later 4th century, and was used by local residents as a place of Christian worship until the early 7th century. The massive medieval landslide that buried the east end of the Temple accounts for the exceptional preservation of Church M, which was discovered by Butler in 1911 and cleared the following year (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). The construction of a small church or chapel within the temenos of a classical temple reflects the far-reaching changes that swept across the later Roman empire during the 4th century. State recognition of Christianity by the emperor Constantine was soon followed by his founding a new eastern capital at Constantinople. While the Temple of Artemis probably had passed out of active use before this time, its massive walls and imposing columns continued to dominate the area. Small incised crosses and religious graffiti still visible near the Temple’s east entrance reflect the efforts of local inhabitants to deconsecrate the building and neutralize any lingering spiritual power of the classical cult. The closing of Roman temples under the emperor Theodosius in the 390s may have encouraged some Sardis residents to build houses in the area and to dismantle the classical structure for stone. Church M may have been intended both for devotional use by families living nearby and to commemorate this important change in Lydian religious traditions. Fig. 1 Plan of Sardis (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College) Fig. 2 Plan of the Temple of Artemis showing Church M (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College) Fig. 3 Church M during excavation (Howard Crosby Butler Archive, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University) Fig. 4 Church M during excavation (Howard Crosby Butler Archive, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University) Fig. 5 Church M during excavation (Howard Crosby Butler Archive, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University) Fig. 6 View of Church M (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College) Fig. 7 View of Church M from the east, with the temple of Artemis (©Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/President and Fellows of Harvard College) Design and Construction The unusual location and small size of Church M reflect these transitional times. The building stands immediately outside the Temple, in front of the eastern colonnade with its main doorway asymmetrically framed by the two southernmost columns. Two smaller columns (no longer visible) were found by Butler in the south pteroma, about 25 m to the west, and may have formed part of an earlier boundary or portal (fig. 8). The church or chapel was built in two distinct phases. The original building apparently consisted of a rectangular space, 7 m long by 5.6 m wide (figs. 9, 10, 11). A semicircular apse with a single window faced the doorway from the west. The walls were built of bricks, fieldstones, and marble fragments set in mortar, and were covered with painted plaster. Three more windows once opened above the apse. Traces of similar windows can be seen in the upper part of the north wall, through which a small doorway led to another room known only by foundations. Excavation in 1912 recovered a hoard of 25 bronze coins that had been concealed here c. 400, when the building was clearly in service. The floor of Church M originally lay near the level of the pteroma; the present stone paving stands more than 1 m higher and reflects the gradual accumulation of earth across the Temple precinct. At a later date a small room with an even larger apse was added about 5 m east of the original building (figs. 9). A wide window with three arches supported by two marble mullions occupied the apse wall, which was reinforced by two lateral buttresses. Small doorways seem to have opened to both south and north. An irregular block of stone set atop a short column in the western apse may have served as a makeshift altar when the building was abandoned in the 7th century or slightly later (fig. 12). https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/55aa8d2697c5dcdbfdc3b0e54ea9ef44.jpg e47a2ea2bce48320fcc5718ebc0a73ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Church M at Sardis (2) Subject The topic of the resource Church M, during excavation IIIF Item Metadata UUID e7254125-b56e-4de4-ae7c-4c5ab97bdfd3 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/a3b05d8873bd71350124780d58324aa2.jpg d7c4ea12a40f78687297cabfe3f05a8a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sardis Synagogue Subject The topic of the resource Sardis Synagogue, Completed Late 3rd century CE IIIF Item Metadata UUID ab81ce9d-ea6d-488d-9d66-4ae494b443f7 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/haaimagehosting/original/88c50b2031d4a9c7b1edc289828a4638.jpg 5cc22694135f9b5f83f02503ffc9ad76 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Late Antiquity Sardis IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 0f176d88-1d25-42de-9209-46c7e540914b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sardis Synagogue (2) Subject The topic of the resource Sardis Synagogue, Completed Late 3rd century CE IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3c3ce3cf-69fe-4f98-b922-3bb7a980a9c2