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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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                <text>Achilles sacrificing to Zeus from the Ambrosian Iliad </text>
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                <text>Achilles sacrificing to Zeus from the Ambrosian Iliad (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Cod. F. 205 Inf.) fol. 42v, late 5th – early 6th century, Roman, Alexandria, ink on parchment, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana. </text>
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                <text>The Ambrosian Iliad, also called the Ilias Picta, is the oldest (and only ancient) surviving illustrated manuscript of Homer’s Iliad. Along with the Vatican Vergil (see Module 1) and the Vergilius Romanus, it is one of three extant examples of illustrated ancient secular texts. There are a total of 52 illustrations and the text is written in Greek. It was most likely made in Alexandria in Egypt and is the work of several artists. The illustrations were cut out of the original codex in the 11th century and inserted into a different manuscript of Homeric texts. Cardinal Frederico Borromeo purchased the manuscript in 1608 and it has remained in the collection of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan since then. Subsequent interventions in the early 19th century damaged the miniatures in an attempt to make the text more legible. This illustration depicts Achilles, dressed as a priest, making a sacrifice to Zeus to secure Patroclus’s safe return (Book XVI, lines 220-252). </text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=8&amp;cat_2=15&amp;cat_3=629&amp;cat_4=973&amp;cat_5=3277&amp;cat_6=8125&amp;cat_7=2709 </text>
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                <text>Biblioteca Ambrosiana</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Articulated Ivory Doll</text>
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                <text>Articulated Ivory Doll, 3rd – 4th century, Late Roman, Tarragona, Spain, ivory, 23 x 6.5 x 1.5cm, Tarragona, Spain, National Archeological Museum of Tarragona.</text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “An ivory doll with articulated arms and legs. Found in the sarcophagus of a young girl in the Early Christian Necropolis of Tarragona.&#13;
&#13;
It would have been part of the grave goods of the girl, who died at the age of five or six. We know of other examples of Roman articulated dolls made with different materials such as bone, ivory and, most commonly, pottery (most of them found fragmented). The remains of gold thread found next to the piece confirm that, like today, these dolls were dressed in clothes that imitated those of children and adults. This is one of the most emblematic items of Tarragona archaeology.”</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>https://www.mnat.cat/en/artwork/24/articulated-ivory-doll/</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>National Archeological Museum of Tarragona MNAT P-12906</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Belt Fitting</text>
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                <text>Belt Fitting, 6th century, Early Anglo-Saxon, copper alloy, garnet, and gold, 3.3 x 2.5 cm, London, The British Museum. </text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “Gilt copper alloy belt mount, cast: rectangular, inlaid with square and lentoid garnets; and chip-carved Style I animals in angles; rivets in corners.”</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1852-0705-1</text>
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                <text>British Museum 1852,0705.1</text>
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                <text>5e7b60c6-1ddc-4ef1-b247-c2aef020b5c9</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Bowl</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Bowl, 4th century, Roman-British, England, silver, diam: 26.6cm; height: 9cm; weight, 1301g, London, The British Museum. </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Museum Description: “Silver flanged bowl with beaded rim (66 beads in total) on a circular foot-ring. The basal medallion and the rim are decorated with raised relief made using chasing and engraving techniques. The central medallion, enclosed in a circle of 92 beads, is decorated with a male bust facing left with Corinthian helmet and shield behind the bust; the bust is likely to represent Alexander the Great. The flange is decorated by four scenes separated by busts: the first with a male goat grazing and a pair of sheep, one a ram and the other a female, with a tree between; the second a bear chasing a pair of deer, flanked by a female bust on the left and a bearded male bust on the right; the third by a pair of goats and grazing sheep separated by a tree; the fourth by a bear bringing down a goat and another goat fleeing, separated by a tree, flanked by a female bust on the left and a satyr bust on the right."</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1946-1007-7</text>
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                <text>British Museum 1946,1007.7 </text>
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                <text>847abddd-cbec-49df-a539-580cf6b77ff6</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Defeat of Radagasio below Fiesole</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Giorgio Vasari, Defeat of Radagasio below Fiesole, 1563-5, Italian, oil painting on wood, 25 x 54cm, Florence, Palazzo Vecchio Museum. </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The Gothic king Radagaisus led an invasion of Roman Italy in 405 with his ultimate plan being to sacrifice the (Christian) Roman senators to the gods and then burn the city of Rome to the ground. He was defeated by the general Stilicho and executed. Some of Radagaisus’s army was drafted into the Roman army, others disbanded, and many were enslaved. Less than five years later, Alaric I would lead a successful conquest of Rome and his forces included some of these same men. This 16th century painting depicts the defeat of Radagasius as pained by Giorgio Vasari (an artist best remembered for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects an important, if not highly subjective treatise on Italian Renaissance and mannerist artists. This work is considered by many to be the foundation of the field of art history.) It is one of the paintings done by Vasari in the Salone dei Cinquencento (Hall of the Five Hundred) at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. At the behest of Grand Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici, the hall was enlarged and decorated between 1555-72. Many of the frescoes and paintings celebrate various military victories by Florenties as well as the life of Cosimo I. Vasari provides detailed explanations of his artistic work and the reasoning behind the choices in his Ragionamenti (“Reasoning”), published posthumously in 1588. </text>
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                <text>FROM VASARI: “Questa è la rotta di Radagasio re dei Goti, successore d’Alarico, il quale venne in Italia con un esercito innumerabile di Goti, e danneggiò molto la provincia di Toscana e di Lombardia, ed in ultimo si pose all’assedio della città di Firenze. Ma, sentendo egli venire in aiuto della città l’imperadore con l’esercito de’ Romani, si ritrasse ne’ monti di Fiesole, e nelle valli convicine, ed essendo ridotti in luogo arido, e trovandosi sproveduti di vettovaglia, furono quivi assediati da Onorio e dall’esercito de’ Romani; onde i Goti (sendone prima stati tagliati molti a pezzi) si arresono. E questa fazione seguì il giorno di Santa Reparata intorno agli anni di Cristo 415, e, per più vaghezza della pittura, ci ho finto Mugnone, che ha Fiesole sopra, che si maravigliano di questo conflitto” (G. Vasari, Ragionamenti, Firenze 1588).”</text>
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                <text>Palazzo Vecchio Museum</text>
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                <text>Electrotype of ‘The Arras Medallion'</text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “The reverse scene is visual shorthand to the events described in the panegyric (eulogy) for Constantius, performed during or not long after the celebrations of 1st March AD 297. (Nixon &amp; Rodgers, 1994, 106) The invasion of Britain and defeat of Allectus is presented as the liberation of Britain (Panegyric of Constantius 9, 5-6). In the aftermath, Constantius's soldiers saved London from rampaging Barbarian mercenaries (Panegyric of Constantius 17, 1). They were the remnants of the rebel army who had become intent on looting the city (now that their paymaster Allectus was dead). Constantius arrives at London by a mixture of transportation (alighting on horseback from a ship). The legend proclaims Constantius as 'the restorer of the eternal light' [of Roman civilization to Britain] (see also Panegyric of Constantius 19, 2-3 for the idea of Constantius 'refreshing' Britain with the 'true light' of the empire).”&#13;
&#13;
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAES&#13;
&#13;
FL[AVIVS] VAL[ERIVS] CONSTANTIVS NOB[ILISSIMUS] CAES[AR]&#13;
&#13;
[Marcus] Flavius Valerius Constantius, Most Noble Caesar&#13;
&#13;
Reverse: REDDITOR LVCIS AETERNA LON[DINIUM] PTR (Trier Mintmark)&#13;
&#13;
Restorer of the Eternal Light </text>
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                <text>https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_B-11477</text>
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                <text>Empress Theodora and Her Retinue</text>
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                <text>Empress Theodora and Her Retinue, 547 CE, Byzantine, Ravenna, glass in mortar, Ravenna, San Vitale. </text>
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                <text>This mosaic depicts Byzantine Empress Theodora and her retinue. Theodora carries the eucharistic chalice. In the companion mosaic of her husband, the Emperor Justinian, he carries the vessel for the eucharistic bread. To her left are two male figures, often identified as eunuchs. To the left are Theodora’s attendant women. The hem of Theodora’s robe shows the Three Magi. The background of the scene is richly filled with decorative architectural elements, a fountain, and textiles. </text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>https://inpress.lib.uiowa.edu/feminae/DetailsPage.aspx?Feminae_ID=30739</text>
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                <text>San Vitale</text>
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                <text>Fresco</text>
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                <text>Fresco, 4th century, Romano-British, from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, 4.2 m, paint on plaster, London, The British Museum. </text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “This wall painting was found at Lullingstone, Kent, in the Darenth valley, when the remains of a Roman villa were excavated in 1949. The villa had been built in the late first century AD, and altered and extended several times in the succeeding 300 years. There was evidence for pagan worship at the site well into the fourth century AD, but eventually the family which ran the estate adopted Christianity. At this early date in the history of Christianity, house-chapels and other types of accommodation must have been at least as common as purpose-built churches. A small suite of first-floor rooms at Lullingstone (probably provided with external access) was set aside as a Christian place of worship.&#13;
&#13;
The walls were decorated with elaborate paintings on Christian themes, which have been partially reconstructed. This area shows a frieze of praying figures. The figures pose with upraised hands in an attitude still used by Christian priests when praying before a congregation.”</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1967-0407-1-b</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Gold Medallion of Constantius I Chlorus</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Gold Medallion of Constantius I Chlorus, 297 CE, Roman, Trier, Germany, diam: 34 mm, weight: 26.79g, gold, London, The British Museum. </text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “Britain rejoins the Roman Empire!&#13;
&#13;
In AD 296 Britain was again annexed to the Roman Empire after the ten-year rule of the usurpers Carausius and Allectus. They had governed Britain as self-styled emperors, but were not recognized as legitimate by the emperor Diocletian and his allies on the Continent.&#13;
&#13;
The leader of the expedition to Britain was Constantius I Chlorus, who was deputy emperor, or Caesar, in the western half of the empire (AD 293-306). This presentation medallion was struck to commemorate the reconquest. On the obverse (front) we see Constantius wearing the conqueror's laurel wreath. On the reverse it shows him raising the personification of Britain from her knees, as her saviour from the supposedly unjust domination of the rebel emperors. A winged figure of the goddess Victory crowns him from behind. Constantius died in York while on campaign in Scotland in AD 306, where his son, Constantine I, 'the Great' (reigned AD 306-37), was proclaimed emperor.”&#13;
&#13;
Obverse: Laureate bust representing Constantius I in consular robes, right, holding scipio (eagle-tipped scepter) in right hand.&#13;
&#13;
FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES&#13;
FL[AVIVS] VAL[ERIVS] CONSTANTIVS NOB[ILISSIMUS] CAES[AR]&#13;
&#13;
[Marcus] Flavius Valerius Constantius, Most Noble Caesar&#13;
&#13;
Reverse: Constantius standing right, raising Britannia, left, from her knees; Victory standing right, behind emperor, crowning him with a wreath.&#13;
&#13;
PIETAS AVGG PTR&#13;
&#13;
PIETAS AVG[USTORUM] (GG denotes the plural) PTR (Trier mintmark) &#13;
&#13;
Piety [duty, responsibility] of the [two] Emperors </text>
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                <text>https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00030509001</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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                <text>Mithras Slaying the Bull (Tauroctony) from the London Mithraeum</text>
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                <text>Mithras Slaying the Bull (Tauroctony) from the London Mithraeum, late 2nd – early 3rd c, Roman, London, marble, 43.2 x 50.8 cm, London, Museum of London. </text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “This marble sculpture is from the Temple of Mithras which once stood in the City. It shows Mithras plunging his dagger into the neck of a bull from whose blood sprang everlasting life. The inscription reads 'Ulpius Silvanus, initiated into a Mithraic grade at Orange, France, paid his vow to Mithras'. This could indicate that Silvanus built the temple in London. Mithras was originally a god from Iran. His cult was adopted in Rome and travelled the Empire with the army. Only men could become members.”</text>
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                <text>https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/467882.html</text>
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