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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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                <text>Stilicho Diptych</text>
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                <text>Stilicho Diptych, c. 395, Roman, ivory, Monza, Italy, Monza Cathedral. </text>
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                <text>This ivory diptych, called the Stilicho Diptych, is most often associated with the Roman commander, Flavius Stilicho, who, according to Edward Gibbon, was “the last of the Roman generals.” Related by marriage to the emperor Theodosius I, Stilicho was, notably, half Vandal by birth. He participated in numerous campaigns and is well known for his defeat of Radagaisus in 406. Despite his prolific military career, numerous victories, and his personal ties to members of the imperial family, his reputation was destroyed as the provinces of Gaul were lost to incursions of Vandals (Roman troops having been recalled from these fronts at Stilicho’s behest to protect Italy from Radagaisus) and the subsequent military revolts in both Gaul and Britannia. This unrest led to further turmoil and revolt. Stilicho was executed on August 22, 408. Many historians directly link the success of Alaric’s sack of Rome in 410 to the removal of Stilicho. The ivory diptych depicts, one the left leaf, Stilicho’s wife Serena and their son Eucherius (who was executed soon after his father.) On the right leaf, Stilicho stands holding a spear and a shield. Some scholars argue, however, that the diptych instead shows Flavius Aetius, another Roman general, another recipient of a dramatic epithet courtesy of Edward Gibbon, “the Last of the Romans.” Aetius was murdered by Valentinian III in 454. If the diptych does depict Aetius and his family, the figures would be re-identified as his wife Pelagia and their son Gaudentius. </text>
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                <text>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400072299</text>
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                <text>Monza Cathedral</text>
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                <text>Silver Siliqua of Eugenius</text>
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                <text>Silver Siliqua of Eugenius, 392-4, Roman, Trier, Germany, silver, diam: 16.2mm, weight: 1.707g, Private Collection. </text>
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                <text>D N EVGENIVS P F AVG&#13;
&#13;
D[OMINUS] N[OSTER] EVGENIVS P[IUS] F[ELIX] AVGVSTVS&#13;
&#13;
Our Lord, Eugenius, Dutiful and Blessed Augustus &#13;
&#13;
Reverse: seated figure of Roma holding spear in left hand and a globe in her right, on the globe, Victory offers a wreath. &#13;
&#13;
VIRTVS ROMANORVM &#13;
&#13;
Courage of the Romans&#13;
&#13;
TRPS (Trier Mintmark)</text>
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                <text>https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?param=32742q00.jpg&amp;vpar=487&amp;zpg=38156&amp;fld=https://www.forumancientcoins.com/Coins2/</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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                <text>Defeat of Radagasio below Fiesole</text>
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                <text>Giorgio Vasari, Defeat of Radagasio below Fiesole, 1563-5, Italian, oil painting on wood, 25 x 54cm, Florence, Palazzo Vecchio Museum. </text>
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                <text>The Gothic king Radagaisus led an invasion of Roman Italy in 405 with his ultimate plan being to sacrifice the (Christian) Roman senators to the gods and then burn the city of Rome to the ground. He was defeated by the general Stilicho and executed. Some of Radagaisus’s army was drafted into the Roman army, others disbanded, and many were enslaved. Less than five years later, Alaric I would lead a successful conquest of Rome and his forces included some of these same men. This 16th century painting depicts the defeat of Radagasius as pained by Giorgio Vasari (an artist best remembered for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects an important, if not highly subjective treatise on Italian Renaissance and mannerist artists. This work is considered by many to be the foundation of the field of art history.) It is one of the paintings done by Vasari in the Salone dei Cinquencento (Hall of the Five Hundred) at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. At the behest of Grand Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici, the hall was enlarged and decorated between 1555-72. Many of the frescoes and paintings celebrate various military victories by Florenties as well as the life of Cosimo I. Vasari provides detailed explanations of his artistic work and the reasoning behind the choices in his Ragionamenti (“Reasoning”), published posthumously in 1588. </text>
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                <text>FROM VASARI: “Questa è la rotta di Radagasio re dei Goti, successore d’Alarico, il quale venne in Italia con un esercito innumerabile di Goti, e danneggiò molto la provincia di Toscana e di Lombardia, ed in ultimo si pose all’assedio della città di Firenze. Ma, sentendo egli venire in aiuto della città l’imperadore con l’esercito de’ Romani, si ritrasse ne’ monti di Fiesole, e nelle valli convicine, ed essendo ridotti in luogo arido, e trovandosi sproveduti di vettovaglia, furono quivi assediati da Onorio e dall’esercito de’ Romani; onde i Goti (sendone prima stati tagliati molti a pezzi) si arresono. E questa fazione seguì il giorno di Santa Reparata intorno agli anni di Cristo 415, e, per più vaghezza della pittura, ci ho finto Mugnone, che ha Fiesole sopra, che si maravigliano di questo conflitto” (G. Vasari, Ragionamenti, Firenze 1588).”</text>
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                <text>Palazzo Vecchio Museum</text>
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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 3</text>
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                <text>Votive Crown of Recceswinth</text>
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                <text>Votive Crown of Recceswinth, 7th century, Visigothic, gold, sapphires, pearls, rock crystal, and garnets, Madrid, National Archeological Museum of Spain. </text>
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                <text>This incredible votive crown is one of twenty-six votive crowns and gold crosses that comprise the Treasure of Guarrazar, an archeological discovery made in Guadamur, Spain between 1858-61. These objects were offered by the 7th century kings of the Visigoths to the Roman Catholic church. The treasure has since been divided, with portions going to the Musée de Cluny in Paris, the National Archeological Museum of Spain in Madrid, and the National Museum of the Middle Ages in Paris. Several objects have, however, been stolen or otherwise gone missing. Scholarly hypothesis suggests that the treasure was hidden in order to safeguard such precious items during the Islamic conquest. This particular crown was commissioned by King Recceswinth (r. 649-72). It is noteworthy for the hanging filigree letters, which read (in Latin): RECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET, or “King Recceswinth offered [this]”).</text>
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                <text>http://www.man.es/man/coleccion/catalogo-cronologico/edad-media/guarrazar.html&#13;
(in Spanish)</text>
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                <text>National Archeological Museum of Spain</text>
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                <text>Gold Medallion of Constantius I Chlorus</text>
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                <text>Gold Medallion of Constantius I Chlorus, 297 CE, Roman, Trier, Germany, diam: 34 mm, weight: 26.79g, gold, London, The British Museum. </text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “Britain rejoins the Roman Empire!&#13;
&#13;
In AD 296 Britain was again annexed to the Roman Empire after the ten-year rule of the usurpers Carausius and Allectus. They had governed Britain as self-styled emperors, but were not recognized as legitimate by the emperor Diocletian and his allies on the Continent.&#13;
&#13;
The leader of the expedition to Britain was Constantius I Chlorus, who was deputy emperor, or Caesar, in the western half of the empire (AD 293-306). This presentation medallion was struck to commemorate the reconquest. On the obverse (front) we see Constantius wearing the conqueror's laurel wreath. On the reverse it shows him raising the personification of Britain from her knees, as her saviour from the supposedly unjust domination of the rebel emperors. A winged figure of the goddess Victory crowns him from behind. Constantius died in York while on campaign in Scotland in AD 306, where his son, Constantine I, 'the Great' (reigned AD 306-37), was proclaimed emperor.”&#13;
&#13;
Obverse: Laureate bust representing Constantius I in consular robes, right, holding scipio (eagle-tipped scepter) in right hand.&#13;
&#13;
FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES&#13;
FL[AVIVS] VAL[ERIVS] CONSTANTIVS NOB[ILISSIMUS] CAES[AR]&#13;
&#13;
[Marcus] Flavius Valerius Constantius, Most Noble Caesar&#13;
&#13;
Reverse: Constantius standing right, raising Britannia, left, from her knees; Victory standing right, behind emperor, crowning him with a wreath.&#13;
&#13;
PIETAS AVGG PTR&#13;
&#13;
PIETAS AVG[USTORUM] (GG denotes the plural) PTR (Trier mintmark) &#13;
&#13;
Piety [duty, responsibility] of the [two] Emperors </text>
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                <text>The British Museum 1928,0208.1</text>
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It presided over the tomb of the person depicted and referred to in the inscription. Optimus, whose name emphasizes excellence and perfection, would –according to the most widely accepted interpretation of the inscription– have been one of the first Christians in Tarragona, the head of this community and its bishop. The mosaic shows him dressed in a contabulata toga, giving a blessing and holding a volum in his left hand.”</text>
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                <text>https://www.mnat.cat/en/artwork/23/the-tombstone-of-optimus/</text>
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                <text>National Archeological Museum of Tarragona MNAT P-2651&#13;
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                <text>Articulated Ivory Doll, 3rd – 4th century, Late Roman, Tarragona, Spain, ivory, 23 x 6.5 x 1.5cm, Tarragona, Spain, National Archeological Museum of Tarragona.</text>
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                <text>Museum Description: “An ivory doll with articulated arms and legs. Found in the sarcophagus of a young girl in the Early Christian Necropolis of Tarragona.&#13;
&#13;
It would have been part of the grave goods of the girl, who died at the age of five or six. We know of other examples of Roman articulated dolls made with different materials such as bone, ivory and, most commonly, pottery (most of them found fragmented). The remains of gold thread found next to the piece confirm that, like today, these dolls were dressed in clothes that imitated those of children and adults. This is one of the most emblematic items of Tarragona archaeology.”</text>
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                <text>https://www.mnat.cat/en/artwork/24/articulated-ivory-doll/</text>
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                <text>National Archeological Museum of Tarragona MNAT P-12906</text>
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                <text>The Sacrifice of Isaac from the Dura-Europos Synagogue</text>
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                <text>The Sacrifice of Isaac from the Dura-Europos Synagogue, 3rd century, Roman, Dura-Europos, Syria, tempera over plaster, Damascus, The National Museum of Damascus. </text>
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                <text>The town of Dura-Europos in Syria existed on the frontier between the Roman Empire and the Parthian and the Sassanian Empires of Persia. It was under Roman control from 165 CE until its final destruction by the Sassanians in 257 CE. During this short period, the synagogue was built and decorated with numerous wall paintings showing animals, vegetal motifs, as well as figures, which was a shock to archeologists. An inscription in Aramaic dated 244 CE marks the completion of the final stage of construction. This detail shows the Sacrifice of Isaac (also called the “Binding of Isaac” in Hebrew: עֲקֵידַת יִצְחַק, Aqedat Yitzhaq), which occurs in Genesis chapter 22. In the story, Abraham is commanded by God to sacrifice his only son, Isaac, on Mount Moriah. Although Abraham binds Isaac and begins to go through with the sacrifice, he is interrupted by an angel and sees a ram, which he sacrifices in Isaac’s place. This scene eventually becomes a fixture in Christian art. The archeological site of the synagogue at Dura-Europos was discovered in 1932. The wall paintings were subsequently moved to the National Museum of Damascus. Although the museum closed in 2012 with the rise of the Syrian Civil War, some 300,000 items were secured and hidden. Four of the museum’s five wings reopened in 2018. Dura-Europos itself was occupied by ISIL and it appears that the remains of the synagogue as well as the other excavated buildings have been destroyed. </text>
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                <text>https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/dura-synagogue </text>
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                <text>The National Museum of Damascus</text>
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                <text>Achilles sacrificing to Zeus from the Ambrosian Iliad </text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Achilles sacrificing to Zeus from the Ambrosian Iliad (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Cod. F. 205 Inf.) fol. 42v, late 5th – early 6th century, Roman, Alexandria, ink on parchment, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana. </text>
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                <text>The Ambrosian Iliad, also called the Ilias Picta, is the oldest (and only ancient) surviving illustrated manuscript of Homer’s Iliad. Along with the Vatican Vergil (see Module 1) and the Vergilius Romanus, it is one of three extant examples of illustrated ancient secular texts. There are a total of 52 illustrations and the text is written in Greek. It was most likely made in Alexandria in Egypt and is the work of several artists. The illustrations were cut out of the original codex in the 11th century and inserted into a different manuscript of Homeric texts. Cardinal Frederico Borromeo purchased the manuscript in 1608 and it has remained in the collection of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan since then. Subsequent interventions in the early 19th century damaged the miniatures in an attempt to make the text more legible. This illustration depicts Achilles, dressed as a priest, making a sacrifice to Zeus to secure Patroclus’s safe return (Book XVI, lines 220-252). </text>
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                <text>https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=8&amp;cat_2=15&amp;cat_3=629&amp;cat_4=973&amp;cat_5=3277&amp;cat_6=8125&amp;cat_7=2709 </text>
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                <text>Biblioteca Ambrosiana</text>
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