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                  <text>Late Antiquity, Seminar 2</text>
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                <text>Adam and Eve from the Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter</text>
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                <text>Adam and Eve, late 3rd to 4th century, Roman, fresco, Rome, Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter.</text>
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                <text>This fresco of Adam and Eve in the garden is instantly recognizable to anyone who is familiar with the scene from later centuries of Christian art. Within the catacomb, there is a mixture of pagan (including a representation of Orpheus playing a lyre), Christian (such as the raising of Lazarus), Old Testament (for example an elaborate depiction of the story of Jonah), and quotidian (a room decorated with paintings of athletes) imagery. This apparent comfort with the coexistence of styles and themes speaks to the gradual and adaptive shift in visual culture that occurred with the rise of Christianity. The catacomb itself, named after the saints and martyrs Marcellinus and Peter who are traditionally believed to have been buried there, covers 3 hectares in total with 4.5 kilometers of underground rooms on three distinct levels. During excavations in the 21st century, some 20,000 skeletons were found. </text>
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                <text>https://www.santimarcellinoepietro.it/</text>
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                <text>Catacombe SS. Marcellino e Pietro</text>
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                <text>Byzantine Church at Petra</text>
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                <text>Byzantine Church (The Petra Church), 5th-6th century, Byzantine, Petra, Jordan.</text>
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                <text>The so-called Byzantine Church in Petra is one of three Byzantine Churches in the city, the other two are the Ridge Church (also called the Red Church) and the Blue Chapel. It is generally The Byzantine Church is thought to have been built in the first half of the 5th century with some rebuilding in the 6th   century. The church was destroyed by a fiver in the 7th century. The Byzantine Church is notable for its monumental size, the 140 papyri found within (the Petra papyri), and the surviving mosaics, which depict animals, figures, the seasons, pottery, and plants. </text>
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                <text>https://www.visitpetra.jo/DetailsPage/VisitPetra/LocationsInPetraDetailsEn.aspx?PID=19</text>
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                <text>Christ as Sol Invictus</text>
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                <text>Christ as Sol Invictus, Roman, 3rd century, mosaic, Rome, St. Peter’s Basilica. </text>
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                <text>This ceiling mosaic in Mausoleum M, the Tomb of the Julii, in the Vatican Necropolis underneath St. Peter’s Basilica, has been interpreted as depicting Christ as Sol Invictus (Unconquered Sun), the sun god of the later Roman Empire. Sol Invictus came to be favored by Roman emperors after Aurelian elevated the cult in 274 CE. Constantine I also identified with Sol. Invictus and has the figure depicted on some of his coinage. The figure depicted in this mosaic, if it is indeed a blending of Christ and Sol, is shown riding in a chariot pulled by rearing horses with vines (a symbol associated both with Dionysius and with Jesus) surrounding. </text>
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                <text>http://stpetersbasilica.info/Necropolis/TombM.htm </text>
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                <text>St. Peter's Basilica </text>
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                <text>Floor Mosaic with Bust of Apolausis (“Enjoyment”)</text>
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                <text>Floor Mosaic with Bust of Apolausis (“Enjoyment”), Late 4th-early 5th century, Early Byzantine, mosaic on mortar, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. </text>
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                <text>Museum Descprition: “Apolausis, the personification of enjoyment, welcomes visitors to Dumbarton Oaks as she has done since its doors opened to the public in 1941. The floor had been discovered just a few years before in a bath building located approximately nine kilometers northeast of ancient Antioch, where excavations had been under way since 1932. The Committee for the Excavation of Antioch and Vicinity, led by Princeton University, was supported by several universities and museums and, starting in 1936, Mr. and Mrs. Bliss. In return for their contributions and with the consent of the Syrian Ministry of Antiquities, the donors to the excavation project received archaeological finds. It is for this reason that all of the floor mosaics at Dumbarton Oaks are from Antioch and nearby sites. The cordial offer to enjoy the amenities of the bath is made by the delicately veiled figure of “Enjoyment” holding up a rose. She graced the pavement of the cold-water pool which, along with other rooms built to provide the tepid and hot-water pools, was found in most Roman bath installations. Based on its location at Toprak-en Narlidja, some distance from Antioch, the building probably served as a public bath for a number of nearby villa-farms. &#13;
&#13;
Apolausis is framed by multicolored patterns and colors that are repeated on both a square and diagonal grid, creating a dynamic surround in contrast to the calm figure with whom the entering viewer immediately establishes contact. The fan-shaped section of the floor corresponded to the original end of the room.”&#13;
&#13;
-S. Zwirn</text>
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                <text>http://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info/30420 </text>
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                <text>Dumbarton Oaks  BZ.1938.72</text>
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                <text>Forgery of a Gold Semissis of Anastasios I </text>
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                <text>Forgery of a Gold Semissis of Anastasios I (r. 491-518), gold-plated copper, diam: 20 mm, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks. </text>
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                <text>Obverse: Bust of Anastasios I facing right with diadem, cuirass, and paludamentum.&#13;
&#13;
DNANASTA-SIVSPPAVC&#13;
&#13;
D[OMINUS NOSTER] ANASTASIVS P[ER]P[ETEUUS] AVC[VSTVS]&#13;
&#13;
Our Lord, Anastasios, Perpetual Emperor &#13;
&#13;
Reverse: Victory, nude to the waist, seated facing right on shield and cuirass, inscribing XXXX on shield she holds on her knee.&#13;
&#13;
VICTORI-AAVCCC&#13;
VICTORIA AVGVSTORUM &#13;
&#13;
Victory of the Augusti</text>
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                <text>https://www.doaks.org/resources/coins/catalogue/BZC.1978.6/view </text>
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                <text>Fragment of the Edict on Maximum Prices (in Greek)</text>
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                <text>Fragment of the Edict on Maximum Prices (in Greek) re-used as part of the door frame of the medieval church of John Chrysostom, Geronthres, Greece. </text>
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                <text>Issued by Diocletian in 301, the Edict on Maximum prices gives the maximum prices for more than 1,200 products, raw materials, labor, services, modes of transport, animals, and for enslaved peoples. Fresh green animal fodder could be purchased for 1 denarius communis  (the lowest price listed) and a male lion or purple dyed silk for 150,000 denari. The edict survives in fragments on stone inscriptions in both Greek and Latin, all but one of which were found in the Eastern part of the Empire. </text>
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                <text>https://www.academia.edu/23644199/New_ English_translation_of_the_Price_Edict_of_D iocletianus</text>
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                <text>Galerius attacking Narseh, detail from the Arch of Galerius, </text>
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                <text>Detail of Galerius attacking Narseh, Arch of Galerius, dedicated 303, marble, Thessaloniki, Greece. </text>
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                <text>The Arch of Galerius was built between 298 and 299 and dedicated in 303 to celebrate his victory at the Battle of Satala and the capture of Ctesiphon. In this detail, Galerius (at left) is shown attacking Narseh (or Narses, at right). Narseh was the seventh Sasanian King of Kings of Iran and ruled from 293 to 303. Galerius, Caesar under Diocletian, invaded Mesopotamia, which Narseh had previously occupied in an attempt to cut off Galerius’s advance. After two battles with no clear winner, Narseh defeated Galerius completely at Callinicum. However, Galerius returned in 297 and invaded Armenia with 25,000 men. In this instance, Galerius was victorious. Eventually, a peace treaty was agreed upon. The scene on the triumphal arch in Thessaloniki takes some artistic license, Galerius and Narseh never met in battle. </text>
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                <text>https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/galerius-arch</text>
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                <text>Glass Cup</text>
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                <text>Glass Cup, 4th century, Roman, Egypt (?), glass, height: 24 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.</text>
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                <text>This ornamental cup bears a Greek inscription reading: “and for years to come!” It was found in Brsljin, Slovenia. </text>
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                <text>www.khm.at/de/object/b7d7b7eecf/</text>
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                <text>Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien Antikensammlung, XI 975</text>
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                <text>Gold Bar</text>
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                <text>Gold Bar, c. 379-80, Roman, Sirmium (modern day Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), gold, 174 mm x 23 mm, weight: 499.86 g, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. </text>
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                <text>This gold bar is one of fifteen (all dating to the 4th century) that were found in Romania in the late 19th century. The form makes it more easily transportable, and it most likely would have been brought to a mint where it would have been melted down and used to make coins. Of the fifteen original gold bars, several were cut up, sold, and the group was otherwise dispersed. However, two intact bars were bought by the Kunsthistorisches Museum from a Viennese brewer. The bar bears five stamped inscriptions in Latin, providing details regarding the history of the gold bars, including the name of the inspector, a certification of its purity, and four additional inspection stamps that further verify the quality of the gold.&#13;
&#13;
Inscriptions: &#13;
LVCIANVS // OBR • I • SIC Christogramm and four times: FL FLAVIAN // VS PRO SIC // AD DIGMA&#13;
&#13;
Flavius Flavianus probavit signum ad digma&#13;
&#13;
Flavius Flavianus approves the authenticity mark [given by Lucianus]. &#13;
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                <text>Kunsthistorische Museum Wien Münzkabinett, RÖ 37443</text>
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                <text>Gold Chain with Fifty-Two Pendants</text>
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                <text>Gold Chain with Fifty-Two Pendants, 2nd quarter of the 5th century, Germanic (Gepid?), gold and smoky quartz, length: 176 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.</text>
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                <text>This gold necklace was found in Szilágysomlyó (modern-day Simleu-Silvaniei, Romania) in 1797 by two shepherd boys. The central pendant is smoky quartz. The other 51 pendants depict various tools and weapons in miniature as well as a man in a canoe. The chain would have been worn cross-shaped over the chest and back and the loose ends hooked into a ring eyelet. </text>
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                <text>www.khm.at/de/object/aaa82b904f/</text>
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                <text>Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien Antikensammlung, VIIb 1</text>
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